The Jewish Story: Spirit of the Sixties, part IV: The Radical Break

the first duty of a revolutionary says Abbie Hoffman is to get away with it well I'm definitely looking to make a revolution and I guess you'll have to wait and see whether I pull it off cuz I'm Roth Mike foyer and this is the Jewish story episode 23 spirit of the 60s a radical break so things continue to heat up in everybody's favorite exactly last episode we saw a definite upswing in the intensity of the social conflicts when our focus was on the civil rights movement and it's shift away from the nonviolent struggle for integration into American society read white society toward a far more activist approach to ending racial oppression altogether now that story is far from over in fact you can still read it in the news racism is no longer understood simply as a problem of inequality and a redistribution of Rights it's now seen as a matter of structural injustice in America and around the world and at this point in our story the growing alignment between the Black Power movement and the post-colonial struggles in the developing world which led snick to denounce Israel after the six-day war is in fact the first step in the process that led to black lives matter including an anti Zionist plank in their platform in our day listen love it or hate it just don't ignore the implications of the struggle for liberation rather than integration so the Vietnam War is also escalating in the late sixties it's sending thousands of young Americans home in body bags and leaving untold vietnamese dead behind and the idea of bombing Vietnam back to the Stone Age may have begun as satire but you should realize that by the time the war is over the United States will have dropped nearly three times the amount of ordnance which was used altogether in World War two furthermore it was all televised the rising Draft meant that the use of America now seized life carrying them toward Southeast Asia with the inevitability of a moving sidewalk and the nightly news makes sure they know exactly what it looks like and it's not so last but certainly not least we should at least just note even though we're not going to get into it in our story that 1968 was a year of global upheaval may 68 paralyzed France to the point of civil war the campuses of Europe were literally in insurrection the Tet Offensive was a gut punch to the US military in Vietnam Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy were both assassinated drugs sex and rock and roll are transforming American and global culture and of course just months before this fateful year began the Jews returned to our ancient capital fulfilling a prophetic promise made 2500 years ago and even though we're not going to speak about it directly now in America we'll take it on more when we return to Israel I want you to have that peace in mind as we round out this last episode on the Jewish American 60s because we're gonna jump back and chart out a similar build up towards 67 in Israel in the coming episodes but as we do don't forget the 60s were a time when the whole world was feeling squeezed by the past when it was becoming increasingly clear to larger numbers of people that the education cultural governmental structures and religious which had brought us to the present were insufficient to take us into the future post colonialism racial justice world peace the late 60s were marked by a sense that the old world must fall away or be destroyed in order that the new one may come to be and I'll touch on at the end whether that actually happened but meanwhile back to school because at this stage our story about American Jewry is all about the college campuses if in the early 60s the battleground of social change with the lunch counters of the South in the late 60s it became the college campuses of the north these students had succeeded in pushing off the threat of going to war with a four-year college deferment but they all felt the injustice embedded in their status by the way they wouldn't have the right to change society until turned 21 at least through voting but they had the duty to die upholding the present order from 818 and because of this they were right for a political activism that took place outside of the voting booth or even frankly outside the formal structures of political power furthermore as their teachers and more radical peers hammered them with critical theory and the media offered them access to post-colonial perspectives on the American dream the war abroad and racial justice at home began to look like symptoms of the same disease as Stokely Carmichael said last episode for a century this nation has been like an octopus of exploitation its tentacles stretching from Mississippi and Harlem to South America of the Middle East southern Africa and Vietnam for racism to die a totally different America must be born and whether you agree with that or not part of the phenomenon of the 60s was the belief that the past does not have to define the future so once the universities became the battleground the struggle of the 60s became even more of a Jewish story at this point in America Jews compromise about 5% of university students that's a number from 1969 they're about 325,000 out of a total population of 6.7 million now this is a time when the Jewish population as a whole is less than 3% of the US but it's not just about quantity it's about quality as well Jews were concentrated in the humanities and social science goals which were saturated in the politics of the New Left which we spoke about last episode go do some review and of course many of their more radical professors were Jewish as well the question that's been bothering me for episodes still remains people like Abbie Hoffman Jerry Rubin and Mark Rudd who we'll meet today they're pushing for revolution in this episode but were they revolutionary Jews or just Jews engaged in another social revolution that question again I'm gonna repeat it because we need to compare it when we get back to Israel are the Jews who are driving the upheaval of the 60s revolutionary Jews or they're just Jews engaged in else's social revolution certainly they didn't see what they were doing as an expression of the Judaism that they'd received in their suburban existence on the contrary that Judaism was just more fuel for the fire as one member of the SDS students for a Democratic Society that important elements of the new left put it in order that we children wouldn't forget our Jewish heritage it had to be shelved down our throats that was how I perceived my three times a week Hebrew classes until my distaste for Judaism blended into my distaste for middle class society in general values that were decidedly Jewish were indistinguishable to me from values that were middle class when I rejected the middle class I rejected Judaism as well there are many ways to be a Jew I mean after all just look the original revolutionary in the Bible is Avraham who stands on one side against the whole world or Moshe who definitely is all about taking apart the social structure the Judaism that they had inherited though was what we would call the establishment version and there's a very different thing going on in Israel at this point so we're gonna look today and at least two figures who represent a radical break with the America in which they were born Abbie Hoffman and through this three figures his partner Jerry Rubin and Mark Rutte and we might get a glimpse of another person who broke with America that's Ralph America Hana at the end we'll see where we get to our subject today is what happens to the American Jews tired of the suburban ease which they inherited as the push for social change tips toward a race to revolution if we're going to tell that story we might as well start with a little bit of fun on the morning of August 24th 1967 a group of hippies walk through the door of the New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street now today CEOs have long hair and no one would bat an eye to see a politician wearing a Paisley shirt well 1967 that wasn't so it may have been the Summer of Love out in San Francisco but no one was prepared for bell-bottoms beads and patru on the floor of the stock exchange least of all the poor security guard on duty that day he stopped the scruffy bearded twenty-something who seemed to be in charge and told him in no uncertain terms that they didn't allow demonstrations on the stock exchange well Abbie Hoffman was not so easily ported he began to complain in a loud voice that they were Jews not protestors and that the guard was an anti-semite flustered at the calls of anti-semite the security man backed down and what followed is a legend in the theater of social protests the group quickly ascended to the viewing gallery directly above the trading floor and Hoffman began to hand out $1 bills he had a hundred of them in his pocket and then on the count of three they all rained the bills down on the heads of the trading stock brokers chaos follows some yelled some cheered other frozen's shocked at the sight of money raining down from above even more scrabbled on the floor literally in pursuit of the almighty dollar now Hoffman's stunt only shut down trading for five or ten minutes before they were forced out of the building but then in front of the waiting cameras he burned a $5 bill in order to drive his point home as a friend later said to burn a draft card meant one refused to participate in the war to burn money meant one refused to participate in society it became known as a non-violent shot heard round the world in the battle against greed you know by the summer of 1967 people were getting tired of the same old thing the process of evolution toward social change had lost its momentum as we saw with the civil rights movements tipped toward black power and eventually it's a rejection of non-violence the hope that demonstrations would stop the war had kind of tired in the mind of the demonstrators and most of all the press was worn out I mean how many angry students speeches can you cover but the idea of a hippie invasion of the New York Stock Exchange now that that captured the imagination and because it did it was news we left Abbie Hoffman back in 1966 if you recall he had accepted Stokely Carmichael's contention that the movement for black liberation must be in black hands and so he had gone off to look for a community of his own to organize instead of being involved in snick and he found it amongst the long-haired hippies of the East Village where he lived there was something there for him as he later recorded the new consciousness and the shifting realities of LSD of acid really appealed to him and also he saw the profundity in the absurdity of dropout culture it was Hoffman who really first saw that dropping out could itself become a political act and that the psychedelic experience could be a source of new political consciousness and not just personal insight and so from civil rights worker Abbie Hoffman became hippie activist and his chosen tool became guerrilla theater no more broening protests no more chanting and the war or fight raising one two three four we refused to go to war in a rhythm that mainstream society had already learned to tune out or just fit into the new normal guerrilla theater is about opening consciousness through absurdity and crazy acts crazy public acts because often knew that though mass media was shaping a part of suburban world it could also reach the very audience that would have never considered radical politics or counterculture all he had to do was get their attention and the people who saw him burning money on TV calling himself Cardinal Spellman and claiming that he and his group didn't even exist had no idea what was going on and that was the goal the very absurdity of what they saw might just make them think again about the way things were the lack of explicit message would force them to figure that out for themselves which is of course the most subversive act a person can do now guerrilla theater seemed destined for greatness from its outset and soon Hoffman's slogan became if you don't like the news wanna go out and make your own determined to do so on an ever increasing scale he soon teamed up with veteran Vietnam organizer and fellow Jew to make a revolution a lot more fun we could easily see Jerry Rubin as just another casualty of the banal existence of Jewish life in the suburbs born in Cincinnati in 1938 he had a more placid youth than Abbie Hoffman maybe he just lacked the Rebels streak or maybe it was circumstance Reubens parents died early in the 60s leaving with a small inheritance and responsibility for his younger brother Gil at loose ends with such a change in life he decided to take his brother to Israel in order to see the country and contemplate his future now it's noteworthy for our larger story that while he was questioning the suburban Jewish life that came with all its privilege the Israel was there for him on the edge of his consciousness offering a deeper life but it didn't turn out to be quite the birthright trip that Jerry expected shortly after arrival Reuben says that disappointment set in he came looking for fulfillment of his socialist yearnings but instead was repelled by the turn he said that Israel had taken for the very bushwalk comforts and securities he was trying to abandon that's a theme work I have to think about because it's coming out of the Sena the very difficult economic conditions you recall I hope if you've been listening for a while that Israel faced through the 50s the achievement of some modicum of material success look very different in Tel Aviv than it did in Maplewood so seeking for the ideological roots of the country that he'd heard about Gerry soon found a place amongst the intellectual left centered on the Hebrew University now these thinkers had already begun to abandon the easy alliance that had existed between Jewish nationalism and radical leftists for almost two generations they were rapidly returning to the International revolutionary perspective which was really their roots that's a story we'll tell properly in the coming series on the 60s in Israel but for now under their influence Rubin became increasingly radicalized seeing the world more and more for Marxist perspective I can relate it's as if he went to Israel to become a Jew and ended up the coming a Marxist I once had a friend when I came here to Israel during college whose parents sent her from a Chicago suburban existence to get in touch with her Jewish roots ended up converting and marrying a Bedouin man you can imagine their shock anyway so Reuben through this Marxist lens also came to see the racial issues of Israel in much the same way as he understood those of America and he says in his autobiography I saw Jews from the Arab world mistreated and dominated Israelis openly described Arabs the way White's talked about blacks in America I respected the Israelis as people but I felt frustrated whenever politics came up the very things I was running away from in America I found in Israel my heart was Jewish but my head leaned toward internationalism that's a quote that needs to be reflected upon I'm curious if anyone listening now feels that that's their story so I mean email if you do and if you don't just think about it and so if his heart was Jewish but his head lean toward internationalism it was almost inevitable that Gerry Reubens body head back to America indeed he did he left Israel in January of 1964 for UC Berkeley and a PhD in sociology notice the theme he lasted six weeks in the ph.d program but he stayed on in Berkeley for more than three years and what follows reads like a case study in sixties politics Jerry Rubin joined the Free Speech Movement on campus his first year that was a predecessor to the anti-war movement and in his first summer he was actually selected to join a trip to Cuba led by the progressive Labor Party on campus now travel from the u.s. to Cuba at this point was illegal so the group flew from New York to Paris and on to Czechoslovakia where they then boarded a Cabana Airlines plane for the flight back across the Atlantic it was a 13,000 mile trip to go a hundred miles or so to avoid the CIA and it was an exposure for him to a living anti-imperialist Society as he called it framed by speeches and meetings with both Fidel Castro and Che Guevara and Rubin called it quote the final step for me started to see things the way the Cubans did he gained the outsider's perspective which perhaps a true Jewish education would have given him but had been denied him by suburban existence so upon return to Berkeley Jerry quickly moved into a leadership role in the budding anti-war movement and by 65 he was one of the principal organizers of the first Vietnam teachin he also helped organize the radical Vietnam Day committee famous for its dramatic approach to protests now Reubens vision was internationalist just like the other radical voices of his day he saw Vietnam not as simply a war but there's symptomatic of an entire American system which needed revolutionary change in one speech he called Vietnam part of quote a declared worldwide American policy a symptom of our society's sickness and he added we are a dangerous country a neurotic country possessing deadly power well by 1966 Rubin had realized that protest was not enough and he began to call for the creation of an active counterculture only an alternative consciousness could overcome the media culture what he called quote the most subtle and far-reaching propaganda machine the world has ever seen because the way in which you know the world is largely shaped by the media which you consume everyone needs to pause and think about that so it should come as no surprise that Jerry Rubin who moved to New York City in the summer of 67 after a failed run for mayor of Berkeley soon joined forces with Abbie Hoffman and their first joint effort was a smashing success picture it they gathered every hippie and war protester they could lay their hands on and brought them together at the Pentagon waiting for them were self-proclaimed witches warlocks and necromancer's who began to hand out noisemakers crazy costumes magic wands it was October 21st 1967 and tens of thousand of countercultures finest and brightest were singing and casting spells while the beat poet Allen Ginsberg another Jew led to bettin chance to assist them facing off against them where the soldiers of the 82nd Airborne Division moldable eyes to hold the hippies back and their goal became to levitate the Pentagon at least 300 feet in order to shake out all its evil spirits it was a battle of the absurd versus the military machine needless to say the Pentagon remained unmoved but unfortunately the troops did not the powers that be decided that the steps to the building must remain clear and when the protesters approached that's when the violence began by the end hundreds were jailed and dozens hospitalized the television channels and the newspapers were ecstatic America had never seen such a spectacle they dubbed Hoffman and Rubin the media mavens of the anti-war movement and waited breathlessly for the next show the idea was hatched on New Year's Eve 1967 Rubin and Hoffman were partying together in Hoffman's East Village apartment Hoffman's wife Anita and Reubens girlfriend Nancy Kirsch were there as was Paul Krassner himself an interesting character editor and publisher of the realist was a pioneering magazine of social political religious criticism and satire was a foundation stone of the 60s counterculture and you might know it as having companionship partnership really with Mad Magazine needless to say they were all high I mean after all it was 1967 and so the conversation veered between contemplations of the infinite uncontrollable fits of giggles and tactical discussions about the upcoming 1968 Democratic convention in Chicago it was typical Hoffman and movement the subject was serious and so the atmosphere had to be absurd everyone there was convinced that the 68 convention could be the turning point in the revolution and that in order for it to be so it needed to be fun no more sleepwalking through marches no more rallies with endless speech making they wanted to wake the country up to the new consciousness not put them to sleep and certainly no violence they were hoping to head off the anger and aggression that were growing ever greater within the movement what they imagined was more along lines of the music festivals that were making such an impression on the California hippie culture now somewhere in the conversation krasna declared that with the democrats so supportive of the war in vietnam chicago might as well be called a convention of death and rubin jumped on it he combined it with the festival notion and proposed that they organize an alternative convention and call it the festival of life it would be guerrilla theater on an unprecedented scale hundreds of thousands of people dancing naked in the park rock bands out in the streets they could terrify the war machine by their very crazy presence now once the idea came out hoffman began to roll spinning out sentences about Hippias media myth absurdity in the active spectacle how the irrational magical possibilities of a youth festival of life would confront oh well man just freak out the convention of death suddenly in the midst of all this passion crash and emerged with a shattering cry be and thus the hippies were born now it's true that before then i was over and Nita hoffman gave the word a more formal meaning the youth international party she said that the New York Times and all the straights had to have something that they could relate to but really it was just you Calle was a childish irrational and fun name it was the perfect absurdity around which they could organize both the mass media and their as-yet-unidentified constituency for the next three months Hoffman and Rubin worked full time to bring the hippies into being and point them toward Chicago their first announcement really says it all join us in Chicago in August for an international festival of youth music and theater rise up and abandon the creep and meatball come all you rebels Youth spirits Rock minstrels true seekers peacock freaks oh it's barricade jumpers dancers lovers and artists it is the last week in August and the National deaf party meets to bless Johnson the length of the American spirit is being torn asunder by the forces of violence decay and napalm we demand the politics of ecstasy we will create our own reality we are free America and we will not accept the false theater of the death convention we will be in Chicago begin preparations now Chicago is yours do it sounds like fun right it might well have been set between January and August of 1968 things in America were about to take a very serious turn as Harlem burned Marc Rudd watched the smoke fill the sky and was overwhelmed with the desire to get a little closer to the flames the Reverend dr. Martin Luther King had been gunned down just the day before in Harlem was on fire and while Mark rod looked down from his dorm at Columbia University he prayed that the non-violence movement or as his hero Stokely Carmichael call it this non-violent BS was finally over then he grabbed another long-haired friend and plunged into the chaos in order to be present as the new age of revolution dawned now I want to know what would drive a suburban Jewish college student to wander the streets of Harlem as the residents burned and looted attacked police and set up barricades to stop the fire engine what exactly was he looking for born in 1947 in Irvington New Jersey to a Polish immigrant father Marc Rudd lived the life that Philip Roth made famous in his satire his family carried the separatism of the Jewish urban ghettos of Newark and Elizabeth with them into the suburbs and mingle with the is just not done he attended Hebrew school dutifully eventually becoming the presence of his junior congregation by his own account quote a perfect little Jewish boy in my suit and tie palace and occasionally to fill in but God was not an active member of Congregation Beth L he must have missed the move out of Newark now his grandma was so back there in the city in that Irvin ghetto keeping the faith and it was only years after her death that mark rod realized he'd missed something miss something that didn't come in the move and in fact never noticed that his grandmother never once ate a meal at there sir urban house in Maplewood which of course was not kosher there are certain things that didn't make the jump and he didn't know he was lacking them until sometime after his bar mitzvah mark decided the God of Israel probably didn't exist after all he was just a social construct like every other God before him and soon therefore he began to see the synagogue is just another expression of suburban social existence materialist and hypocritical and he wanted out rod arrived as a freshman at Columbia College in 1965 only a few months at the escalation in Vietnam and within weeks a senior named David Gilbert came knocking at his door Gilbert was one of the founders of the Columbia chapter of SDS the students for Democratic Society if you recall that an important founding member of the new left and at this point in 65 the SDS was giving up on its failed efforts to organize in the inner cities around racial issues and was shifting his focus to the anti-war movement on campus it also happens to be that Gilbert was Jewish along with John first chapter chairman as well as the vice chairman Nick friedenberg in fact as Rudd would later say all of us were Jewish he said it's hard to remember the names of non-jewish Kamiya as the answers it was as much a Jewish fraternity as Sammy and reflecting why that later in his life Rudd made the remark out of all the uncountable hours of discussion in SDS meetings I don't remember one single conversation in which we discussed the fact that so many of us were Jewish it's just a strange thing imagine it in today's consciousness of identity can you picture a bunch of Jews sitting around in a room plotting revolution and never ever mention the fact that they were all Jewish well Rudd did offer some insight as he says later World War two in the Holocaust where our fixed reference points we often talked about the moral imperative not to be good Germans we were all anti-racists we saw American racism as akin to German racism toward Jews as we learn more about the war we discovered that killing Vietnamese on mass was of no moral consequence to American war planners so we started describing the war as racist genocide reflecting the genocide of the Holocaust this should sound familiar and then he goes on he says America Imperius goals around the world were to us little different from the Nazi goal of global conquest and so Mark Rudd took the one remnant of his culture which couldn't be abandoned the memory of the Holocaust and fit his present-day rejection of his suburban existence right into the mold add to this a scathing judgment which comes from Abbie Hoffman deep down I'm sure we felt our parents generation was a bunch of cop outs six million dead and except for the Warsaw Ghetto hardly a bullet fired in resistance and last but certainly not least as Ruud pointed out a sense that they'd been lied to in the promise of suburbia we were good Jewish kids he says the cream of the crop who had accepted the myths of America we were betrayed by our country and the university when we learned in a relative instant that reality wasn't even close to those myths we third-generation American Jews even though as he said he wasn't thinking himself as a Jew at the time suddenly woke up and realized this country may be a blessing for us but not so for many others who couldn't pass for white and now with all those elements in play we can watch the angst of recent Jewish history the Holocaust the cultural deprivation of the suburbs the rapid rise to economic privilege of which they were really culturally unprepared play itself out through the protests of the late 60s so Marc Rudd moved quickly up through the ranks of the Columbia SDS he was the one who helped focus their efforts on the university itself trying to expose its claim to value neutrality toward the war as a lie he pointed out Columbia's naval ROTC program the fact that it allowed the Marines CIA and Dow Chemicals to recruit on campus and its secret membership in the Institute for Defense analysis a strategic partnership with the military and as the war heated up so did Rudd his repeated calls for revolution as opposed to protests gained mark and his friends the nickname of the action action and thus it was only a matter of time before things came to a head in early 1968 a study exposed the role that Columbia was playing in displacing the poor residents of Harlem in the past seven years alone the university at for 7,500 people out of their homes in order to build more buildings for the children of the privileged and its plan was to push out another 10,000 only weeks after Rudd saw the story dr. King was murdered in Memphis in Columbia President Grayson Kirk announced his intention to eulogize the Reverend on campus the hypocrisy was too much for Rudd and the action action at that very moment the university was trying to prevent a union from organizing there black and Puerto Rican workers and they had the hutzpah to eulogize the very man who would have laid down his life to make such a union happen what followed looked like a revolution it began as a protest escalated into a building sit-in and culminated into a full-on campus takeover and shut down for more than a week the protesters led by the SDS remained barricaded into four separate buildings on campus while the rest of the university was empty there were parallel strikes in high schools and colleges not just throughout the country around the world parallel not necessarily in response but this was after all the time that first Saturday after they took over the building is on the Columbia campus about 90,000 anti-war demonstrators filled the Sheep Meadow in Central Park Coretta Scott King spoke in the place of her murdered husband and the police ended up arresting dozens of protesters who tried to march from the park to Columbia to show support for the students the words of Mark rods letter to the University President which were leaked to the press were read around the country he said we the young people can point to our meaningless studies our identity crisis our repulsion with being cogs in your corporate machines as a product of in reaction to a basically sick Society and then he promised we will take control of your world your corporation your university and attempt to mold a world in which we and other people can live as human beings if he ends with the following there's only one thing left to say it may sound nihilistic to you since it's the opening shot in a war of liberation I'll use the words of Roy Jones whom I'm sure you don't like a whole lot up against the wall mother thought this is a stick-up now part of me wishes I could tell you a story of happily ever after of how Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin brought together hundreds of thousands of happy hippies at the Chicago Democratic convention and transformed American consciousness and how Mark Lud started with a take over the Columbia campus ended with a liberation of Harlem and the world but it wasn't to be the world doesn't give up on the old way all that quickly the police broke up the student takeover at Columbia after about a week with brutal force they Club the protesters in submission racking up a hundred and twenty charges of police brutality the most from any single incident in the history of the NYPD the scene at the Chicago Convention looked much the same google it if you've never seen the pictures of bleeding hippies running for cover weeping and crying from the tear gas bottom line the system is not so easily changed or even challenged there's quite an epilogue to these stories and maybe we'll have to tell it someday perhaps in season four Marc Rudd left the SDS when it broke up he became part of the Weathermen underground a radical left-wing offshoot that eventually descended into terrorism unless you think I'm exaggerating his mentor David Gilbert is still sitting in prison right now on three counts of felony murder committed in the process of an armed robbery in 1981 Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin stood trial in the famous Chicago eight or Chicago seven depending on how you tell the story which I feel like we're going to have to touch on in next season but he also ended up going underground though in his case it was to avoid a drug bust and he maintained the life of an activist until his suicide in 1989 Jerry Rubin went from yippee - yuppie he became an advocate of self-help early investor in Apple computers and a pioneer of what we now call socially conscious capitalism and I think we're gonna have to tell more of their stories or at least the stories of American Jewry that flow for them in the next season and there's a whole nother voice that we haven't even touched that outgrowth of the sixties radicalism that were certainly gonna have to treat those for whom Judaism wasn't a vacuum to be escaped or a vague moral imperative toward revolution but rather a substantive source they're gonna have to talk about the world view for instance of SDS leader Michael Lerner who in 1969 said that Jewish tradition itself could be a guide for quote a revolutionary overthrow of both the present corrupt Jewish community and the larger bourgeois society of which it's apart and by the way if you're not familiar with his name he's still fighting that fight today then of course there's Ralph America Hana who published the following advertisement in a New York newspaper on May 24th 1968 less than a month after the cops broke the siege of the Columbia campus we are talking of Jewish survival are you willing to stand up for democracy and Jewish survival join and support the Jewish defense course that's the original name of the JDL will follow ruff Kahana story most likely when we get into the next season basically the radical Jews are far from gone in the American story it's just that the world is not quite as easily changed as they hope in the next season we're gonna have to map a shift amongst them from those who reach for the universal at the price of their Jewish inheritance toward those who turn to the particular each in their own way so I'll just say odd khan unto here the american jewish 60s want to thank some folks i want to thank all the folks who give their hard-earned money paint this show happen keep it free and widely available i want to invite you to join them go right now to my website jewish story dot co and in the upper right hand corner you can see a button there that says be a patron click on through a little bit of her podcast support or if that's too much you can always send me an email drop my choir at gmail dot or you can personal message me on Facebook about my choir or Jewish story podcast and I'll send you the details about - dedicate an episode I want to thank folks at the Land of Israel Network that's the land of Israel about Tom for doing a platform that allows me to reach so many fantastic people want to thank the partes Institute VAR e es org al the building an educational institution that gives me the privilege to teach so many amazing Jews and I want to thank you for listening I'm Rob my