Pesachim 11b - When Witnesses Contradict Each Other in Timing

the yeshiva dotnet okay peyote sock and a few dollars Ahmad Bey's the Mishnah the background to this new Mishnah is that we know after we discussed because comets the first few mission is the first thing mission is discussed because comets we now move on in time we finish with Dicker's comet which is oh nice very good you prepared it yeah oh yeah very good I was thinking if I need to make if I need to make a handout okay yeah we'll see in a few minutes okay after we learned the first three Mishnah switches bittakers comets which is the night before pace on so now we move on in time comes Arif Mesa in the morning and Arif pacer than the afternoon so that's what the next mission of discusses what happens now we know that our pace of my hot sighs midday we are forbidden to eat comets we're also forbidden to benefit from comets so if the day started at 6:00 12 o'clock p.m. which means at the end of six hours from 12:00 and on which means Arif pacer from hats ice we have number one amidst of cache misses we have to get rid of the Comets number two another to eat comets number three when a lotto benefit from zombies how do we know exactly that time for Tosh be sue the tomorrow discussed and enough valid and that hey there longer if this after by reassuring touch me sue that ask means midday Theresa how do we know I'm now letting eat comets I'm not a lot of benefit from comment that's gonna be a suger tomorrow later that Hope has how we know that from hot sauce you now want to eat comets and you know a lot of benefit from comes but that's the bottom line midday calm there's no eating and no benefiting what do I mean by benefiting I can't feed it to my dog I can't feed it to my sheep I can't feed it to my my cattle my cows I cannot feed it to my Birds I cannot sell it I cannot gift it to my neighbor who was a Gentile and as a Lottie comments rather I have to get rid of it destroy it because the time has come where I am now that I have any type of benefit enjoyment from comets whether monetary or social I repay sick in the morning I could gift it I can feed it I can sell it you can sell it make money off it but there's a time limit and that's cuts ice yet this mist is going to introduce the fact that the rabbi's push back and the way they push back is an argument between two people and the same two people we have been exploring in the sukkah till now which was gonna be heard and Ramaiya dr. Mishon ER and mayor a mihrab mayor says iceland call commish you're allowed to eat comets Aerith paste of the entire fifth hour again for this suger which is all gonna be about hours we're going to forcibly for simplicity sake assume that the day began at 6:00 and the truth is pace of time the day does begin around 6:00 equinoxes so it's usually that time so it's not so far off but i don't want to do 603 or or 554 I'll be simpler it's simpler to do six which means that we divide the day into twelve hours and in this case it's perfect because it's six to six so every hour would be 60 minutes and therefore the beginning of the fifth hour would be ten o'clock the beginning of the sixth hour would be 11 o'clock the beginning of the seventh hour would be twelve o'clock right you know you mind just the taking so six o'clock is say sunrise it's the beginning of the first hour 601 the first hour is already in motion seven o'clock is the beginning of the second hour yeah eight o'clock the second hour ended and the third hour began nine o'clock the fourth hour began the third hour ended in the fourth hour began ten o'clock the fourth hour ended and the our began 11 o'clock the fifth hour ended and the sixth hour began the six hour begins at 11 o'clock and that's very vital 12 o'clock 11:59 and 59 seconds is the end of the fifth the sixth hour and 12 o'clock begins the beginning of the seventh hour which will go to one which will begin the eighth hour and then you'll have the last hour the last I will be the 11th hour the 12th 11th time with in the 12th hour and you'll have 6:00 p.m. when night comes great copies of mayor and says you can eat comets called Hamish the entire fifth hour meaning till the end of the fifth hour of the day so if the day begins at six the mayor says you can eat comets not till 12:00 but till 11 and this is an Eastern a rabona Midori I so you can eat till 12 the rabbis pushed it back and said sorry 11 o'clock you should not be any comments any more research from b'stilla sesh and you burn it in the beginning of the sixth hour which means 11 o'clock starts the time of burning comets again an hour earlier when I tell you - Basu is at 12 came to how government said no don't do it at the beginning of the seventh do it in the beginning of the sixth which is 11 o'clock and that should also be the deadline for eating comments you finish eating comets at 10:59 and 11 o'clock is the time to burn the comets again this is a rabbinic injunction and that's why the mayor is introducing it in the mission it's important to emphasize as I indicated that according to most opinions when we speak about the hours v our sixth hour first hour we're talking about what's called the seasonal hours choice as mani ice shows money's means not fixed hours it's not fixed hours of 60 minutes but it's what's called seasonal hours which means you take the daytime and you divide it into 12 sections if it's winter and therefore a daytime is shorter so the 12 units will be shorter units so your hour will be less than 60 minutes if it's summertime and your day is longer speak to the time between sunrise and sunset is much longer so then your hours will be more than 60 minutes you're basically taking daytime the time when the sun is shining and you're dividing it into 12 pieces and that's called choice manious right so you'll see subs man krishna is at the end of three hours what's what does the end of three hours mean it's not hours of 60 minutes for be hours of 60 minutes so then it would be a very different service man it's you taking the daytime and you're divided into 12 into 12 sections and that's called a sha that's where you'll see the end time of eating comments all the time - the time to burn comments right will be 1054 or whatever it is it's based on that division called Sawyer's money it's no difference if the day is long or the day is the day is short there is a schita that the choice when it comes to how much destroying comments is the fixed hours of 60 minutes there is I just want to say there is such a view on a locker although most this agree with that you don't divide it into 12 it's just a fixed hour of 60 minutes there is another interesting question it's not for discussion now and that's when we say divide day time what do we what do we mean day time do we start with dawn break or do we start with sunrise do we start with a lesser chakra or do we start with with Nate's mates a comma of course it depends if you start with sunrise the end with sunset or you start with dawn break and you end with what's called say psychic of them nightfall which means it's a much larger span of time you start earlier you end later or you start later Sun rising and earlier sunset and this is a huge debate in Allah from versa - yep Lord of the mug and Avram believes that song the day time begins with dawn break and it ends with nightfall yeah other shittest famous the of the Vilma God is that it begins with with sunrise and ends with with sunset that's the to the DeMorgan of Rahm Hoskins the Vilna Gaon Baskins Bala Tania postions that we look at it from sunrise till sunset that's how we look at it that's why you'll see my creation are though the Magan of ram agrees with the first opinion that it starts with dawn break and ends with nightfall by krishna he agrees with the first opinion that's why you'll see how many calendars will say saves my intuition of Magan of Rahab right eight twenty nine sums mine Krishna hurrah and Ravis even pure volatility Rama's daughter ever the ballot Anya is nine twenty an hour later what's the difference or sometime later and the reason is because we're doing three hours from the beginning of the day but what's the beginning of the day is the beginning of the day sunrise or is the beginning of the day dawn break which could be an hour earlier so you're three hours are gonna be completely completely different now again you take the day you divided into twelve units but but how much how much time do you have to divide in twelve that's why you'll see different times of songs Mon Christmas if you aren't going to the market I've robbed you got to do your Christian watch earlier right and if you're going to call it to the to the ballot on yonder Velma gone you do your Christian you can still do your Krishna later even though it's always better to do it earlier but your your deadline hasn't arrived yet okay so this is a very important but generally many believe and that's how we owe so Paschal maha that these hours are seasonal hours not faced fixed hours so the mayor's that's clear you eat how much the fifth hour you burning in the sixth hour nobody who diameter view this says excellent Colaba you eat comets for the fourth hour the tournament called Hamish and you keep it hanging for the fifth hour for sorry but illustration and you burned it in the beginning of the sixth meaning he's much more stringent than a mayor the mayor says you can eat comets a whole fifth hour review this is absolutely not you can eat comments only the whole fourth hour which means according to the mayor eleven o'clock you stop eating comets and you start burning comets according to W Hooda ten o'clock you already have to stop eating covers because you can only eat some until ten o'clock the beginning of the fifth hour and of course the sixth hour is already astir and eating comments so that's where the buda hold you all the encompass in the fourth hour that means ten o'clock two hours before the deadline you were ready now letter e comments it's not like read mayor and and he says close homage to fifth hour you keep it hanging what does it mean you keep it hanging keep an enemies it's suspended because you don't have to burn it and you could feed it to your animals you could benefit from it so be who this says ten o'clock you can't eat any more but from 10:00 to 11:00 where the mayor you said ten to eleven you can eat review this as you can't beat you keep it at limbo meaning you could feed it to your animals you could benefit from it but you can't eat it but you don't have to destroy it and then we serve from Attila sage they both agree you burn them the beginning of the sixth hour there's a little tradition the first we have and then we feed ourselves okay so should same island as my commission no no you could if you feed your animals in the morning but if you want in the fifth hour you can't eat it for yourself but you could still benefit from it in other words according to w hood that the rabbi's distinguished between the prohibition of eating and the prohibition of benefiting correctly the mayor they didn't make a distinction everything is the fifth hour from eleven o'clock everything is forbidden and you burn it down Oh Quentin W look uh eating they pushed back an hour earlier and they said you can't eat till 10:00 you could all I'm sorry you can only eat till 10:00 from 10:00 you can't eat but from 10:00 to 11:00 you can still benefit 11 o'clock you burn so be hood there's more stirring he believes that the mistake extends yet for AWD review the set further a fascinating thing the time of the masonic - they used to publicize these times for the public to see remember the way they used to tell time was based on looking at the Sun you would look at the Sun and based on the position of the Sun you have to tell time so it's we have to go into that mindset for this sugan okay so if you were the aristocrat of the century and you had a sundial I don't know which year that developed so you had a son ah but Jerry right but generally speaking the way the ability the luxury I have to look at the wall at sea 848 am they did not have you had that's why the Sun was so important they really they lived by the rhythm of the Sun it's extremely important in a way it's it's more organic because you're more you're in tune with nature yeah there's not we you could live in a basement without windows yeah and it's you tonight is day and day is night you have electricity you don't have to burn candles then you want to light yet to light a candle so we're very thankful for the Industrial Revolution and technological advancements but it's important to understand also the the challenges of being a little less associated with nature like when kids are learning today mission is about Tulsa Shabbos about planting and plowing and harvesting and threshing and winnowing one of the big destroyed misses they never saw a stalk of wheat in their life you tell them threshing the animal comes and Thresh it's all imagination right well it's important to take the kids out into the theater they come to a field and show them what happens because then the whole sugar Gemara will come to life that little they'll be able to put themselves in the mindset of the tamiya not Mary Ryan they'll almost be able to guess what they're saying and often because they're they're there they're living there so just always important to understand they're looking at the Sun and based on that they're defining their clock yes yes yeah yeah around exactly it was always around its around even in the cloudy days even on a cloudy day you didn't have a choice you're right you're right in a cloudy day the challenge is much greater because the child was ready so but what's your telling time like this even babies become a tool to the cycles they know where the Sun is expected to be at what time of the year the position today unless you study it well you really look at it and examine it or read about it in astronomy class and take you no good could you study well many people don't even know this you know we think we take everything for granted we think the Sun for granted we take sunrises huh but you you couldn't take this for granted and Judaism at all does not take it for granted our whole existence is revolved around it we're making breakfast right bark at our shrimp yogurt or viracocha Yuichiro Miura's right I'm a cabbage with two mccauley on top of my sandwiches you wake up in the morning dawn breaks Sun rises you're a human you're basically living with nature you're your life is synchronized with the rhythms that God put into nature chakras Minister might if charisma was sickened etc so in the time of the base--emitter some you this has something very interesting they wanted to publicize what is going on because there was a huge crowd of people so what do they do very dumb interviewer then fascinating today follows shall Toyota Sula so your maracas I'll gather its devote one of the offering in the my sermon was called the carbon Toyota carbon Terry DeMint if you had a life if your life was saved from peril you had to bring a special gratitude offering and it came with 40 pieces of bread 40 pieces of bread and they came from four types three of them were matzah and ten of the pieces were made of comets and they used to take college Sulis which means two pieces of bread from a carbon tell you that would disqualified why would they disqualified will see in the Gemara but they were disqualified and they replaced every era of pace of Algarve oh it's diva on the bench on the Hara bias the Temple Mount had benches where people could sit and they took one of those platforms one of those elevated benches and they put these two collars that were puzzle and the idea of college Sulis is that they wouldn't use haleh's that you can eat the carbon tender you can eat but the college that you can eat they wouldn't put there because you're not supposed to take holy food and put it in a situation or ultimately you're gonna have to burn it because you're leaving it there here it was puzzle it was anyway disqualified so they took these chalets will soon see again why they were disqualified they put them on a bench and everybody saw that cause maximum noise as long as they're there Kalam Iceland everybody could eat comments Neath laRocca's if one was taken besten would send an emissary at ten o'clock and take away one of them then pilot everybody knew now the comet is in limbo Leo excellent Malloy - no eating and no burning Niklas stayin at eleven o'clock they took both they took away the second foul as well he see Luke Allah I'm sorry Finn everybody knew now is the time to burn comets this is where ever you this says they used to do in the time over the base some English of course Ramaiya would agree and he would say this simin was different at 10 o'clock they didn't do anything because you can eat it and 11 o'clock they took they took away steak Hollis and everybody knew no eating no benefiting and time to burp never got below leg whatever got legal says interesting anyway to strike when you saw what he saw why is it a quote in the name of Herbie hood I guess because it's or first of all the hollows like Herbie hood though right yeah usually the mayor of you hood that luck is like a be Hoda usually ok mad at everything but usually I'm a tree that looks like a beaver done and the previous mission at Oscars not like Herbie hood that we do because comets a minim of Pesach right because of these argue with the ha common with the with the majority right which includes it of mayor here to married abused as individual the locals use like review Hooda and also the mission of finished with review this I guess it continues and also I guess ruby hood has said this and then it may perhaps responded it's a good order ee o light whatever them lil has a third opinion Hulan that call in Colaba mundane food you can eat till the end of the fourth hour which till 10 o'clock true mcComish rumor the rabbi said you can eat another hour over here haven't got lil agrees with review hood the in principle but with Trueba he agrees to the mayor in other words with drama they allowed you to eat another hour but surface illustration but in the beginning of this with others probably let me just have you heard that has someone pushed back the deadline for eating two hours but by Truman he says here they pushed it back only one hour and the reason is because as long as you can eat holy food you don't want the person to you're not allowed to just throw it to the garbage food that is holy and therefore they didn't want to limit the time of eating more than necessary one hour everybody felt was necessary why because the mistake was so common the mistake was so common basically it's really 12 o'clock and I look up and what do I say I say it's 11 o'clock right it's 12:05 I say it's 11:05 it's 12 whatever it is but let's say it could be 11:59 and I say it's 10:15 on because I'm looking up at the sky that's what I see so therefore I'm eating comets and I'm violating a biblical prohibition so the comer said you have to go an hour back so that way even if you think it's 11 o'clock and release 12 o'clock you're good because you won't need comments right nobody hood they said no even ten o'clock email any comments even ten o'clock now that's not a common mistake Ramaiya doesn't agree with review hood but ambulances there's a mistake that people make it's ten o'clock and therefore don't eat comets why because it could be twelve o'clock and I think it's ten o'clock and because I think it's ten o'clock I mean it come it's a really swell vocal melodies comments so they're technically not income but they still will not take away is sure haha why here we have to understand their psychology very important understand why wouldn't they that takeaway is you're not you're gonna feed the comments to your dogs and it's 12 o'clock and it's forbidden right you're telling me that it could be twelve o'clock and I think it's dead and I'm gonna feed the covers to my dogs and it's from it that's what we thought Melody's comments at 10 o'clock so even if I think it's ten and release twelve the answer is the hall had to be realistic with people's lives food that I say this over and over food was unbelievably precious to tell it jus you have to burn food when the Toyota doesn't say you have to is something they felt was I'm not I don't know if I could use the word but it would be like a criminal activity you can't tell a Jew to burn food it was just too precious at least for many people maybe not for everybody but for many people and therefore they were so sensitive they already took away an hour they took away an hour and that means if he didn't have a chance to sell it if he didn't have a chance to give it to somebody who lost it you burnt it so they were very very sensitive with that I people could make mistakes so yes if it was a crazily common mistake they would have no choice because we don't want to do eating comets my head size that's why 11 o'clock they prohibited how long according to everybody but ten o'clock rabbuna says they're not gonna cut off the whole relationship with comets in other words we're gonna still allow you to have a benefit sometimes even though eating that so did it protect the entire situation no but it protected a lot it's a very interesting Allah it comes from god leo and says yes but rumor you can eat later o song again because they don't want to force you because if the deadline is 10 o'clock many people who have a lot of tremor right and truly can't just sell yeah so therefore you can't give it to a guy so therefore the Cayenne may have not finished eating the term what's gonna happen 10 o'clock the children is gonna be left it's got it's comets it's gonna be wasted it's gonna have to be burnt and you're not supposed to do that so we give it an extra hour to be able to consume the trauma that's how godly else it may be hood it doesn't make that distinction you have 3 system you look at it made him W buddy then he would then ever they wouldn't argue with know you're over but they do they felt they can't ban everything you're right even though it's upset even though you have the same problem 10 o'clock it's 10 o'clock right and if you're not banning I know what could happen it's really 12 you think it's 10 and you're feeding your dogs that's true that let's take a happen according to the order but they still would not ban on all the question is what's what's their logic if you're banning a few a ban on law both for us or the ants army that's why I'm explaining it's important to understand their mindset yeah they felt they felt it's wrong they felt it so wrong there it's not the right thing in other words you have to you have to choose your battles Halas weapons convention alone but furious comets has to happen before the beginning of the sixth hour right because the beginning of the sixth hour there's no there's no just like I can't do bit all right best didn't put down the Hollis of the on the bench and the Hara buys and everybody stood it was like it was like an alarm clock it was like uh a siren a sine beta communicate oh no remember the Hara bias was the Erev Pesach the Sheep the goats carbon-based suck you're right if you were living in your own home was your own responsibility this was just a public service that said you're right I guess move I guess I guess I guess it was tweeted right away it went out on what's uh perhaps we don't know if you were Hara bias and you saw this or your brother's sword he came home and he told his wife he told his kids you went to Zeta you went to Bubba you know rumor spreads it really is this is by a shiny yeah they're describing by a shiny did they do this by by assertion yeah the question is why do they choose these two hollows and why were they pasal we're gonna get to that then the latest so get this is yes yes yes yes yes yes yes we are now at the getting to the end of my second sergeant's I don't mean animus I was ever getting the end of the sugus of comets of meticulous comets because the next section after this is Toma and Tyra purity and impurity where one of the sugest where we have almost an encyclopedic display of the entire structure of purity and impurity according to Luca which is going to be brought in from all over this so that's gonna be the next the next step okay so now we have this three way much like us now here the governor asks a question okay now this is one of the longest questions and shots what do I mean it's one of the longest questions and shots the gomora quotes are Mishnah another Mishnah discusses it analyzes it elaborates on it questions refutes gets into a whole argument right and this continues for almost a blot the question and only enough you'd base up with Bayes there's a guevara get to its question usually a question is a few words or a line a quarter of a mission under that here the question is so intricate the question is so intricate that in order to get to the question there's a huge introduction that goes three and a Lapham is base your knowledge base I'm at Olive and on your base I'm at base the governor says okay and now at last we have our question so this is a very unique question on our Mishnah the governor needs a blot that you want me to say it in a you want the preview you want the preview in other words the lead-up to the question is itself a whole saga that's the point the leader we're gonna get to a question to understand our mission foods which seems problematic but in the lead up to that question seems like a very is it is a big circuit let's start we'll go for a few minutes dr. Gemara tonight hussam we learned there what's there whenever it says there it means elsewhere elsewhere which is a massacre son hadron we have two witnesses who came to testify about a capital crime meaning a crime that could entail capital punishment life and death a skirmish line behind us one witness says that this story happened on the second day of the month say there was a murder case he murdered him on the second day of the month at Hyundai mobis Russia the second one says it was the third day of the month nope Lakota you should say there's an inconsistency here one of them is lying one of them is saying something untrue he got they walk they can't both be right says the Mishnah a fascinating finish a do some chemists their testimony is upheld why should say you dare be Buddha Shanghai - was there any a terrible cry - because we can comfortably assume that there is no why here why could we comfortably assume one of them knows about the fact that last month had an uber a Libra means it was a full month it was a pregnant month it was a month of 30 days the other one does not know that and he assumes that the month only had 29 days so let's be practically gonna be practical even they're contradicting each other about other things for example the day of the week you say that it happens Sunday I say that it happened Monday this testimony is null and void this is an inconsistency that destroys a testimony you're not going to kill somebody for such an inconsistency ever right so I said Sunday you said Monday not good but what if we both say Sunday and then they asked me which day of the month was it I say it was the second day it was Bay's other which day of the month was it they asked you individually not in front of me they interview they cross examine every witness individually and you say it was gimel are there o lawyers no not liars there were no fix calendars at the beginning of the month people didn't know all the information I know that last month had an extra day because last month had an extra day wasn't only 29 days it was 30 days so Friday was not Aleph Friday was lammott so Shabbos was not days Shabbos was Alice Sunday was not Gimbels something was base but you don't know that last one said 30 days you think last month that 29 days if last month that 29 days so then Friday was not la merde Friday was Alice so Shabbos was base so Sunday was gimel so therefore we could not say that somebody is lying it's just not fear because this a common error people made again by us we don't understand this because yet you look at the calendar it says on every calendar and everybody knows but then it didn't exist there was no calendar every month they had to decide this again and what if you didn't know what if you didn't hear the news if you weren't in the hub if you weren't you know in this circle sometimes it took time and if you lived far away and even if you live whatever you didn't know it was just it's too common of an error to destroy the testimony as long as with everything else they're consistent like the day of the week it's not called the contradiction fascinating it's because in other words lack of knowledge is assumed it's just assumed the mistake is expected let's put it this way so the fact that you said gimel and I said Bayes doesn't mean it's inconsequential however academic Mishler measure them a commission if one person says it happened on gimel other and one person says it happened on a are there a do some Taillow hear the testimony is no ah you could say one of them is ignorant about the last two months the reason we're off two days is right I say it's gibble and I say it's hey and you say it's gibble you know why I'll tell you why because first of all you don't know that this last month had 30 days right and also you don't know that the previous month had 30 days so therefore we have a discrepancy of two days you could say that and it may be true but as a court when I'm going to upload this testimony because it's much less common this is not presumed ignorant this is room for suspicion suspicion that what that somebody made up a story and when somebody made up a story it's not going to be consistent with the other story because the story even though we have the same name the same day of the week what's the money some people say that money is an incentive she divided groshi' you're a lawyer and you're asking me why people lie oh the test of the witness the witness he goes to best in any lies or a mistake or a mistake that's innocent mistake I'm talking about someone that we think it's really a lie it's something a fool I yeah yeah I'm asking how's that perhaps he's getting 10 million dollars yeah maybe there's a there's hatred animosity sadly sadly we know that humans are capable of nasty behavior yeah well Martha matam with us LaMotta Mohammed us yeah they do some tailor so then this one is not ever going maybe stay show your zoo here we get lemonade one guy says they both the same day of the week it's Sunday we got it both right it's based other or Bazin gilmore we're good but here comes the issue with hours doesn't sense tell me what happened Ahmed I'm the first guy says be stay show us remember by us will say it happened nine ten they didn't have a concept of nine ten you're looking at the Sun there's no nine ten I mean you could guess it's nine ten but how much value they have to take your hour and divided into 60 sections again we don't understand that so how would they speak they would say which states is when did it happen it happened at the second hour of the day which means it happened after 7:00 again the day started at 6:00 first hour is 6:00 to 7:00 it happened after 7:00 it happens what woods as we would say sevenish right between 7:00 and I'll be there between 7:00 and 8:00 it happened the second hour I saw it happen I saw the murder or whatever I saw I saw that - all right so this when sevenish second hour statius that's what stage shows means in two hours two hours doesn't mean at the end of two hours he's not saying it happened eight it means it happened in the second hour the asteroid with the third guy says beshallach ice it happened a dish sevenish a dish they do some chemists we have to uphold this testimony why because when you look at the Sun this is just a presumed error you think it's seven and I think it's eight you see it as closer to sunrise right you're looking at the Sun that's coming up in the east I say it's it's just it's too common again they were consistent about the day of the week they were consider by the day of the month they were consistent about another five things we're gonna learn about they're gonna be cross-examined we're not just remember when I'm just saying like seven eight okay let's kill this guy it's not happening that way there's gonna be a very thorough cross-examination about what he was holding it where it was and the claiming like they do in an advanced them will not stop because you want to you don't want to you know you we don't do we don't try to kill somebody we try to save somebody as we will see but this is not enough to say that there's an inconsistency here and there's a lie we just can't do that it's just to comment it's not fear it's like okay do unless you want to destroy all testimony in the world you're not gonna get two people to always say seven it's just it's just not fair and I'm gonna be shoulders back and then I'm becoming one sad the third hour once said the fifth hour meaning I said a dish and you said 10 ish ooh I do some Taylor sorry no debris the mayor this is what the mayor says this cannot be upheld why we could make a mistake about one hour seven eight we're not making a mistake about two hours meaning there is something that's not true here something that's not true we have to be suspicious is it possible there should be a mistake of course just like with the two days of the month the discrepancy it's possible but not enough that a bezel should say we're upholding this testimony this is enough of a leak of a puncture and the truth to say sorry we're out of this careful okay so in capital the single against please exactly we're gonna have to see it cuz we're dealing with capital cases in here didn't it have made a be who them interview this is a do some chemists have you heard this says the testimony is valid why because he feels that people could make this mistake it's just to be presumed and therefore you uphold the testimony this is not a sign of a law him again is it possible there's a law of course it's possible it's a lie even if we're both saying the same our on the contrary right good lawyers make sure that they match that story matches but we got to follow we got to follow the evidence wherever it takes you mean is the same brewery is hiring much higher the burden is much higher right it's a lesser stand right yes of course absolutely the stakes are very high in a capital case because a person's life is in limbo right Hamish Mecca the Rumba Sheva one person says it happened v one person hasn't happened to seventh meaning I say 11 ish and you say I'm sorry I say the fifth hour would mean Kennish and you say 12 ish right accident become another a do subtalar even if you hood they would agree that it's null why so but how much time of admission which ever come on the - morning and afternoon are two separate creatures in the morning the Sun is in the east in the fifth hour which means 10 ish twelve o'clock after 12:00 the seventh hour the Sun is in the West and therefore the view that would say this error is not to be accepted and there is a contradiction and if there's a contradiction however you want to explain the contradiction the contradiction is somebody was out for lunch somebody doesn't know what he's talking about somebody was hired somebody was lying somebody was alert but there's a contradiction here there's a contradiction the story is inconsistent why because this is not a common mistake it's not a common thing we have to assume here that there is something wrong there's something wrong it's not all innocent it's not all that common in other words since as there actually puts it we can look at the shade and the shade is in two different opposite directions in the morning versus the afternoon so therefore you must assume that there is a serious contradiction area this is the Mishnah so what did the mission to tell us they told us number one about months they could make a mistake between one day and the next day but not if there's two days apart that discrepancy is too much in terms of hours we had a very interesting much like this one hour off everybody says you maintain the ADIS two hours off there was a mock Lycus the mayor says you destroy the ADIS ADIS patella so if i said the third you said the fifth it's not a this Covey who this says nope we still validate the a this unless it is morning and afternoon and then everybody would agree that the a this is muffled because it's too obvious it's not a question of 8 and 10 it's a question of what of morning and afternoon it's too obvious because it's too obvious so therefore we do not assume an innocent mistake we assume that there is a contradiction air there's a real contradiction that's the Mishnah take a look it's an interesting Rashi oiseau is once said the Commish I once said Bashevis that's really out of 12 yeah the sixth hour is 11 right that's the beginning of the sixth hour 12 is the beginning of the seventh hour so it's exit I remember commish there could I remember Sheva epidemic Amish means it happened 10 ish and one person says it happened one ish meaning F unless I not one is 12 ish 10 ish and 12 ish after 12 afterthought so if you take a look at Rashi to begin the beginning of the wide lines epidemic of a chévre I feel a little you that the mcComish karma be Mizrahi so rakia the fifth hour meaning from 10th and on the Sun is still in the East the yaqula Harvin and you could see it clearly I they had sail through the shadow Shenoy senior they connect it up misra when you place your hand towards the east how you have a hot say--let's up my roof the shadow will be on the west hooba Sheva the seventh Shah Baba Mira's the Sun will be in the West the hot sale at South misra and when you place your hand towards the west and the Sun is at the west and it blocks that Sun the shadow is now going to be on the eastern side so the shadow is in two opposite directions in the 5th to the 7th hour so therefore as she says nobody hood this says I can't assume innocent error right but the same ruby hood would say a moment before that if somebody said the third hour and the fifth hour which means I said a dish and you sent a mesh since it's both in the East remain still says it's too much of a discrepancy now that you got a look at the Sun the Sun is too I write too much nobody this is no no I can assume an error because it's both of its in the Eastern arise since it's in the East so therefore in my horizon it's something east of the shade is going to be in the same direction if I put my hand towards the Sun which is in the east the shade is going to show up in the west as Rashi says so therefore we can assume an innocent mistake how many think comets so what do we see by commas by accomplishing may pushes back an hour right there'll be who this says people make mistakes two hours yeah in other words you can make a mistake between according to the Comets okay we're gonna see how to reconcile about how much he's saying that you could make a mistake it's really 12 and you think it's 10 and that's why he says he now let it cover it's a 10 ah a much bigger buffer than it mayor made is not assuming such erroneous misconceptions of people's minds in other words if it's 12 o'clock you may think it's 11 but you're not gonna think it's 10 right through Buda says no it happens and therefore it's a bigger buffer the shadow is thrown backwards right and so if you're shielding in the east the shadow goes west if you're shielding in the West which means in the afternoon after 12:00 the shadow goes east you can try it out russia says the coalition from 12:00 to 12:30 it's in the middle it's dark no sheriff's so 12 o'clock it's over your head so that we're gonna see that as well it's over your heads right and the shadow is it straight down yeah it's not it's not extending east to west and actually by hobbits it becomes applicable cuz that's this month 12 o'clock 12 o'clock right here he said it was already in the 7th hour meaning 12:01 12:10 12:30 1250 12:45 sort of you know this says there's no room for mistakes should look at this you're right you're right they put their foot in their mouth they put their hand in their mouth yeah you're right they put the Sun in their mouth I want to learn Oishi and then we'll go to Omaha by you see Rashi excellent I'm a bush lion McCoy - the rashes here are long explanatory and elaborate after a time machine I am Irish I'm gonna read fast if somebody doesn't understand something you can ask one says Bush nyan betray - her eggs a sauna fish on the second of the month one man killed somebody else he killed his own the acid mean a demon a bush lotion beside one of the witnesses says it was the third they do some kms the a this is fine well based in are you both can Isaac Bashevis curious could oh look come on bears de News to ask every set of witnesses seven standard questions as we will explain later there were seven standard questions there were also many supplementary questions but there were seven standard questions and this was one of them which day in the month this was a standard question when did it happen you said you saw a murder which day in the month Vick even those which they and later which led ship which the shipper Davi says Russia sends both witnesses independently testify then it happened in the right day over the week say Tuesday or Wednesday Shabbat come AZ I'm beside myself a shame is amiable is she Shanaya now join Maskelyne and then when they asked him about the day in the month here was a variation day two of the month or day three baser gimel so we say that they were both talking about one day one of the seven standard questions is which day of the week one of the seven standard question is which they of the month we would have asked them which day of the week and one would have said Tuesday one would have said Wednesday here dog there's no weightless but since they both said it was a Tuesday say and that when it came to the day of the moms once said bays one says Gitmo we say that they're talking about one day they're testifying about one day that Tuesday they're both they both saw it on Tuesday Ellis's a yachtie bibarel one knew about impure I'm sorry this meaning that the last month she heard the shot over Molly last month was full it had 30 days the hook winner shredders be emotional maratha and our threshold issue was on day 31 possession of ash lying beside this yoga but the one who said it was Bayes he knows this and therefore which college was a day later Aleph was on day 31 became a lo possession mush Lucia the one who said three day three several qualities reinstallation restraint dish was on day 30 there was only 29 days - last month for Hari LVH Italian macaque and since many make this mistake so I fell pshh omitsu VIN on Ulla Holika seducin kadai a bottle lahat zealous an effing listen to his words even though we the courts are instructed to try to split the testimony to try to divide the testimony in order to obliterate it in order to save a soul and be a data clinical Hulk we don't have now the legal capacity we don't have a crack that's big enough in the testimony to say these two guys are not talking about the same story this guy is telling me a story of sunday this guy is telling me a story of Monday there's something off here there is a contradiction somebody does not know the story whatever the motive is a la Luzerne ation a dream a fantasy but somebody does not know the story that is what we will always try to do we will always try to let the witnesses look how a caisson to split them to make them as two strangers who did not see the same event maybe they so different events maybe one of them didn't see an event maybe one of them is here say whatever it is here we don't have the capacity to do that nothing happened so Rashi is telling us a biggest sight we could say that they're not making a mistake we could say that they both know when rich Kaddish was and the reason one says bays and one says gimbal as you know why these different days a lot one of them is like one of them is lying but one of them is describing a different story it's not this story we don't have to aid this we could say that Russia's incorrect be a datum Kalka because this was so common it's not fear it's not fear we cannot be legitimate an aid based on the fact that you got the wrong day of the month why because there were no calendars exactly exactly if they would if they wouldn't say both both wouldnt say Tuesday then it wouldn't work yes yes right it was not the legitimize credibility excellent you're saying the ADA's knew if you're coming to court probably you asked prepped you so why didn't he check out which day in the month the answer is excellent question and I the way I would answer it is I think even the slock says this one of the Marshall letters he did he did he did and and and he will walk through the street he went right there what's today the guy said base he asked well my guy what's today base they I made a mistake that's the point he did he probably did other yeah I didn't ish but even if he checked the P that's the point people are making this mistake yeah they don't know they don't know hey do simple Taylor what if it was bays and Dalit or Kimmel on a the Valhalla calamity here it's not a cuts not an error that's common who crux if the past success with a rush de Vaca Carter Vahini MS knock on a door when it comes to witnesses you have to investigate you have to inquire you have to investigate being a MS not going and make sure that it's true that's right this is talking about you know we're gonna use a few motion could you bring a few blue commercial I'm gonna use oh that's Mashona that's mrs. Rosh Hashana that's a good question that he they used to light torches right there's the light torches and then they stopped with that and they would send out emissaries they did it every month but then it stopped because the Sadducees took it over because they nullified that system because it's aduke him deceived the communities so they started essentially um they would take two children they would send them out they would take time yeah that's why many communities did not know any um toughest and that's when they started the concept of making two days yom tov that's the whole that's the whole system of judaism in terms of yom tov change because of this so the posix speaks here about what rations quoting is the PASOK speaks about the irani daka's when you hear that a nation when you hear that a city went to avoid Ozora it's called irani daka's the person says the Tarasco you have to inquire we're not yet but her character research which the Alta hated meaning Emma's not going out Darnassus at a barbecue Mecca it's true that it happened ms knocking this isn't participate so now she says from here we learn said hey do some Havana's it's a it's parrot you'd give all pass a test mouth you don't have to look now we'd have to look now I wanted it for later viene MS knocking should hey do son McManus the most important thing is you heard a story make sure that the testimony is movin movin means that they parallel each other they match the Eloi Eloi cut lean on and if not we will not kill a person based on their testimony who who behaved to him and both will leave the courts free exempt from a punishment they made him their rug and Li the AMA this will not be a reason to kill the witnesses witnesses could only be killed through a process called Hazama which means when two other witnesses testify on the witnesses not on the event if they say you two how can you say that you were in barra Park and you saw this and then when that Sunday you were in Miami or you were in Melbourne Australia we saw you there that's when witnesses will be penalised with the punishment that they tried to impose on the innocent victim but in this case when one person says it was base it was base other second person says it was download on there or hey are there not gimel basing human would work but base and hey for Bazin talent then we say that the a this is bottle we do not have credibility here to be able to uphold this testimony because there's an argument about which day of the month and it's more than one day apart which is not a common error and therefore we will let this man go free and we will let them go free to the fact that one of them may have been lying that he's going to have to answer to God but the best double not punished echoed I members - oh yes and one says the third our a descent km is the toy or other macaque when you're counting when you when your clock is based when your time calculation is based on the Sun in the sky an hour is a common error and therefore there's no breach of credibility that's a bit late on the dispense mo here schools why do they inquire further why don't they just say that's it where do we get through the Sun they want you right who have said since this is puzzle you're right that's it unless other ages came if other ages came other ate this cake yeah F remember summers record in B Sheva a deuce in patella after Luther a Buda the Bahamas comma beam is rockets or a Kia vehicle of an eye they had sex nights you know Deacon economies rock how about say let's admire in the morning when the Sun is in the east you'll place your hand and the eastern side and the shadow will show up on the west over chevre and the 7th our camera my roof let's say--let's up ms roof and the shadow will be cast on the eastern side this finishes the mission of assessor Sanhedrin argument between of you who tentative mayor O'Meara by back to the Gemara four lines from the top from the wide lawns I'm gonna buy yeah I buy you set cut em sell em are you want to be meticulous and understand what the time I am are saying let me explain to you this Mishnah dividend have made according to the mayor a naught M Tolliver like loan how logically we do not assume that a person is making an error at all but they will be hooded entire Behati Shaw Hachi Shan according to Robbie Hooda the locker is assuming and giving Ali way of making an error in a half an hour it could be wrong by half enough what do I mean with Dave Lee that made according to the may hear a note I'm talking about like cloak the how law does not give any leeway for error we say there's no room for error if so why does it may accept the testimony when one said seven and one said eight I'll answer you because my psyche have were assuming that when did the story happen the mafreket area mile trois the moment the second hour left and the third hour came in so this would be the moment of 8 o'clock sharp 759 the end of 759 sharp when the second hour ended and the third hour began for her the commerce tie-ins and the person who says that it happened the second hour massage style he means the end of the second hour 750 not well hardly calm our shoulders the person who said it happened in the third hour but coolest rubbish he means the beginning of the second hour so he's saying 7 59 and 60 59 seconds and he's saying right 7 59 and 60 seconds so to speak he's saying this end of the second hour say the beginning of the 3rd hour and that's why we accept the testimony in other words we assume that ADA's do not make an error at all there's no error if we could prove that there was an error here we would not accept the testimony ain't nothing tell you of a like club so why don't we accept it because once said second one second said third you could say second means the end of the second and third means the beginning of the third so if we would for be forced to say that they're talking about different times we would attribute it to a lie not to a mistake Raschi Chatham Salima shattered Arctic Bavarian vitamin dal makhani night when you're going to be meticulous in the words of remainder Buda Timpson the debris that made the macrame does the base of agimo Oh me vato so game over shall hey a not employable a club a person does not make any error all the deviant mu Hooda the Micaiah marsala's Mohammed Adam Toya Hoxie Shah and according to be Hooda we attribute error a half an hour for half an hour later it made in Adam terrible a clue my attire chakra no and if somebody's making an error in time we attributed to a lie behind him a crime we have made agents of Stein with Charlotte so why does he uphold the testimony of two and three from sheshna me though I guess not because he says they're both talking about the same moment they're not talking about different moments the my sticky album a fact I tell you my applause the story happened at the end of two in the beginning of three meets your social sneer trash licious Meneses as the second hour is leaving and the third one is coming in who stay in cafe Edo and both were testifying about that moment the high dharmakaya miss ocean air karma behind the commercial is in the beginning so this is what the mayor is say the person who says to what he means is the end of two eight o'clock mohnish when the 759 ended and 8 o'clock was coming in and the second one it said the third but they would talk about the same moment and therefore I logically I can accept the testimony what happens if somebody says 3 and 5 the basis I can't accept the testimony anymore because even if he means the end of 3 and you mean the beginning of 5 it means there's a discrepancy of an hour if there's a discrepancy of an hour the mayor says what is happening a person doesn't make these mistakes so now you ask what we either the playable Oklahoma everybody is an expert everybody's an expert you we don't have a clock now everybody's an expert a 20-7 you're looking at the sky but he's an expert obviously what it means is you're witnesses you're coming to testify in a capital crime what you should say is I don't know which hour they're not saying I don't know which hour they're saying I know it's our here that mayor says another playable iclone we're gonna keep you to that we're not gonna say he made a mistake sad on the hour it looks maybe I don't know I don't know you're an aide that made it say nobody in the world makes mistakes of course people make mistakes it made that it have such a stand that nobody makes a mistake in this case when we're looking at the halacha of Ages we say if they set an hour we're gonna hold you accountable exactly we're not gonna give you maybe a half an hour off an hour off to our no no no exactly I hae then how could we uphold the testimony here the answer is I say you meant massage time you meant b'stilla soulish at the same moment there was no toes what you call the second hour I call the third hour you're talking about the end and I talked about the some people does not mistake sir mayor feels that bez does responsibility is to uphold the testimony in this case and it's not a breach it's not a breach of credibility Raschi continues in our she says well the comment period we're soon going to ask a big question me a day or should cover now some Lacock I saw how do we know that's what they meant Dilma hide the commerce time but you lose time commerce vs village been a yet maybe when he said - he meant seven not eight not 759 Pahoa remain interim bitola saaransh acronym and since it may it doesn't give room for error that means you have to turn one of them into a lawyer you don't say that they're talking about the same story and they're both truthful and one is making a mistake Ramaiya says inner them tire soul acharya you should say one of them is saying the non truth that's what I was gonna ask I by you saying that mayor says we assume that two means the end of two and three means the beginning of three why don't you assume that two means the beginning of - why don't you assume that but it may says no we don't we don't now again of course your mayor holds if you ask them and one guy says oh I mean seven and the other guy says oh I mean aides I mean nine right the end of three and he says the beginning of two II since the beginning of two he says we're getting of three of course you'll nullify the ADA's know but they've made is that arguing with that the mayor is saying that if they just say two and three best it upholds the testimony why cuz we say he means the end of three is the beginning of this is a mayor what's up you hood the dvw hood Adam Toya Hachi Shaw according to w hood there there is room for error a half an hour thus if we say two and three perfect even if we say three and five it works perfect what's three and five three and five would mean I say eight ish you have a chart it may be easier for you I say eight ish you say tennis right I say eight after eight you say after ten three and five according to the man is disqualified but if person makes a mistake eight could make a mistake by half an hour it works why does it work Tamar's gonna say we're gonna say my sucky Havana powder died behind the story happened in the beginning of the fourth in the Hat in the middle of the fourth our pal gu means half midpoint midpoint of the fourth hour meaning three and a half hours from the beginning of the day so sunrise was six seven eight nine it happened 9:30 great for hide the car my sellers besides Allah the one who says three men's the end of three the end of three hours which is the beginning of the fourth hour so fats six and he said it happened in the third hour what's the third hour eight he didn't mean eighty meant 859 becoming nine nine right the Couture powder decide to look ma so basically he made a mistake that the event he made a mistake powder the Shia half an hour look I made earlier I had to call my coverage the one who said commish his b'stilla skirmish the beginning of the fifth hour he doesn't mean 10:59 he means ten o'clock the Couture powder - right - laughs sorry he made a mistake and that he delayed the event by a half an hour one person thought it was a half an hour earlier than it really was one person thought it was a half an hour later than it really was Rashi well there w the toilet the toes cuts he shot he'll cough qiyamah hyper shoulders ribosome which into Sakai amis the my secure Paul did Arbor story happened in the half of the fourth hour meaning nine thirty three and a half hours bizarre episode Charlotte was ever tillers shop commish one person said three and five he means the end of three which is nine e means the beginning of five which was tap the call F had meant Tom and I myself let C shop everybody made a mistake MAF an hour it happened nine thirty I looked at the sky it's nine you looked at the sky ten I come to bed and I say it's the third hour the third our third hour is the end of the third hour nine 859 nine you come to man you say it's the fifth hour you don't mean 11 you mean 10 and therefore I buy your sesame that says we hold up the testimony and now she says all the commie partically we're gonna have a question hey my Drinan let's see roof a do something how do we go this length in order to bring together the ages how the long remain but why don't you say the I bet Feliz gimel coming right beside why don't you say this guy meant the beginning of third hour meaning 8:00 and the other guy meant the end of the fifth hour meaning 11:00 we su legado Bayon and a huge village it happened 9:30 I said it happened eight you said it happened 11 right and there's a difference of three hours between us I said eight you said 11 but cooler I Lloyd toe they can't make such a mistake even if it happened 9:30 how can they make such a mistake by an hour and a half if I say eighth I made a mistake hour and have you said 11:00 you made a mistake in our mouth with the shall okay do son split the testimony meaning say it's two separate stories one is live a touchless an African you save us all we're gonna come to that question but we're learning here is according to that mayor we assume no error and that's why the only testimony that we can uphold this if we can faithfully say there was absolutely no error they both identified the right time they just gave it different names two and three end of two beginning of 3/4 w hooda we give a half an hour rule Ferrer half an hour katisa a phenom so I say three you say five I'm the end of three you're the beginning of five and the story happened in the middle point that happened nine thirty I said nine you said ten we're both off a half an hour economically another version in our bio very very similar just one my new detail off I'm gonna buy extra Tim Suleiman if you want to be mad I can explain it dividend imitated medically made other playable Marshall a person could make a mistake by a mushroom mushroom means a small fraction of time a tiny fraction of time the real abuse other player Sean Marshall contributed an hour and a little bit so this version actually gives a little more leeway period it made Adam tell you my shoe my sticky a verbis a massage time a verbal assault story happen either at the end of the second hour 7:59 the beginning of the third which is 8 beside me now you tell your mushroom and one of them is making a little bit of a mistake if it happens 759 and you said it happened 8 you're off a minute if it happened 8 and I said it happened 759 the second hour I'm off a minute in other words according to this language we're not assuming that they Mohnish mean that ii 759 59.9 seconds with is the transition of the second and a third March off I said the end of the second now use at the beginning of the third hour Academy now you tie Amash W who they are then pull your shawl Marshall we assumed that there could be a Miss mistake by an hour and a little more my city avoid miss save scholarship meticulous accomplished story happen either at the end of the third hour or the beginning of the fifth hour which means either the end of the third hour which would mean 9 o'clock or the beginning of the fifth hour which means 10 o'clock right Academy now you could throw you show Marshall and one of them is making a mistake by an hour and a little more the story happened at the end of the third hour meaning it happened 8:59 and you said it happened at the fifth hour which is 10 so you're making a mistake an hour and a minute but the story happened at 10 and I said it happened in the third hour which means 859 I'm making a mistake we're now in a little more Rashi had me now you Kothari masu second in last rush on da fiel alphabets in besides I am have a hide the car my shoulders particular soulish the qatari mushroom the manila soulish hide the commerce time the same time recap I mash with evw Hooda my Sodom is so flawless the high Dhamma bacillus kamesh Parrish are these Oh marshal sociology I said it happened at 10:00 so I got raw the whole nine and one minute 8:59 till nine een army but silla skirmish ever really it happened ten I had to come up with so I'm so sorry me so much I said it happened at the end I said it happened in the third hour I meant at the end of the third hour 8:59 I missed the whole nine til 10 plus that minute fine this is a of a bio understand the Mishnah remain says people don't make a mistake at all or a mushroom review this says people make a mistake I have for now or I saw Marshall what we're talking about witnesses who come to besten obviously were more stringent because they're giving us an hour we're taking them at face value you said you know the hour I will hold you accountable that's debated and review that gives a little more leeway this is a bio says the Gemara also did one over the lady w-who the Buddha the son of the view hood the way omniverse might succumb ended of and he said over this conversation this explanation of our body this might said this is discussion he gave over to offer on my rubber or is what I buy a set from REM Hoonah the Sun revealed and he says I don't understand oh my allude a keen on Barney Soddy if we would be mad Iook in these in the testimony of these witnesses if we would get meticulous if we would get down to it I'm going to start being medina Queens chopping it up dissecting it you know dicing dicing the vegetable we would really be mad iuck we would from the word die occurs from the word we say in the morning huh take a take heartache if we would grind up the testimony you would take it apart that's what my diet means you would take it apart you would crush it into little pieces right who threw that and we would say hi become ourselves particular self when you said the third you meant eight not like behind the karmic homage besides commish the end Ravi eight this malicious according to this it's an anus that contradicts each other malicious means they're denying each other why because according to the Brio Hooda a person can make a mistake at most an hour but not two if I said eight and you said ten I do I said the third hour will be the beginning of the third hour it cooked me in the beginning could mean the middle can mean them could mean the beginning you said the fifth hour I'll do it at the end of the fifth hour what's the end of the fifth hour 11:00 right so I'm saying 8:00 you're saying 11:00 that's a discrepancy of three hours ain't this precious so if I would come and say 8:00 then you would come and say 11:00 what would the builders say of course we can't accept this testimony they're contradicting each other it's a different story one of them is light but like Kathleen on and then you would never kill the man Van Aken the noctilum is fake of a Nick Thomas fakir we're gonna stand up and take the life of a person based on a Suffolk because I could justify the testimony I don't understand Vera come on oh my the trader says Paris Marseille we shoved away da meet Sheila Wade the POSIX says in Paris Marseille Perry climb and he posted come down I don't know if you have to come on the side but if you do you could take a look at the shaft away they've been our marker been going like that the community the court has to judge and then the trader continued the next person we seal away their success me out gorilla down and they save him what do you mean they save him if he's guilty they don't save him so cuz I learned out for me our biggest site that the focus always has to be to save not to kill if you don't have a choice you got a kill this doesn't mean you prefer justice if this accurate testimony and cross-examination and it's determined how long it's me that the man is guilty you have to implement the verdict whatever the verdict is but the focus is if there's a way out if there's a way of finding a breach in the testimony we go for it that's the focus in other words yes we have on a tear we have an inclination to try to save a person not to kill a person if you don't have a choice you have to follow that walk this doesn't mean bias because we don't want to if we have to we have to but if we don't if we're not forced by a local we don't so love is asking about the good question I know our buyer could be right maybe means the end of the third and the other guide means the beginning of the fifth I'm good no if they say clearly what they meant then there's no argument one guy says the third hour and I mean the beginning of the third and you come and say the fifth out and I mean the end of the fifth hour that we're not doing this okay then they're contradicting each other you were talking about eight which is the beginning of the third hour you were talking about eleven which was the end of the third hour the discrepancy of three hours the mayor wouldn't agree to build it with Italy sorry that's it this is not as much like you saying it happened Wednesday record there's the other guys says it happened a month later it's over just like two miles away we're not accepting this testimony sorry too much too much too much discrepancy we're talking about they just said the hour so it could be a few things it could be they left it could be we finished the whole examination and they're gone that could be or could be it could be that I mean I would say the pastor's more you saying why don't you just ask them right why don't you just ask them well the chess game with this do you think it's more than four and five or three and four or three and two so and they see if there is an interception if they say three or another one says four and five that means they could have seen in the same house there's no minute sets all approximate everything is a process that's the second version that is only a mushroom or some oshawa things you have to go to this tastes weird what you once said the witnesses yes so I think I think the glad thing to say is that the witnesses are not answering that question they're feigning ignorance in that question so we're looking at a closed record third hour fifth hour I buy you set okay we say end of third beginning of fifth right and the third beginning of Fifth rib mayor says sorry too big of a discrepancy maybe this is I'm good people make a mistake by an hour it may have happened the end of the third and you made a mistake may it happen at the beginning of the fifth and I made a mistake commas Robin or understand if you want and taken apart you can also touch the beginning of the third and the end of the fifth you're not sure that's the point if they said then I have no issue if that one guy says that sec the third and I mean the end of the third then I don't have an issue then he's basically saying the beginning of the further the beginning of the fourth R and the other guy says it's the fifth and I mean the beginning of the fifth fine so it's clear but you don't know you're being medallion she says if you can be madad you can also push them this way not this way you're trying to push them together you can also go like this why are you going like this and killing the guy why don't you go like this separate them and save the day that's my question so if we have up some mitzvot that we have to kill kalila fine but we've carried but chef the way the meat silhouette where everything's episode Suffolk Suffolk Suffolk what do we do we right away hop on that Suffolk even if it's a little Suffolk and we don't kill somebody in other words to kill you have to be ultimately certain not to kill you have to have a doubt that's the difference to kill you have to be 100% not to kill you have to be a hundred percent innocent I don't know if he's a danger we may imprison him but I don't know I can't kill somebody here you nuts you don't know if you don't know say you don't kill him I'll create a very strong question uh so you're saying call them back let's say you call them back right you can't call them back you can call them back or they push at it they don't know they can't say more so we're the ones who have to now deal with it the best so that's rubbish sadly ah rubber was very upset Rafa was very upset one over child a the mid silhouette I don't understand Robert says you misunderstood the Mishnah you misunderstood the Mishnah you were wrong the mission does that mean that the Mishnah means we do divide them we divide them as much as possible we will do everything to divide them but sometimes even if we do that we still have to uphold the testimony Allah my other ela my rather let's see - she beautiful - - she's a lush might sir die by ax he sent over to Pune said over the welcome about on my rather rashly he really who goes out of a buyer in the name of Rosa he f Shalom are Shane taurima told us a la Marshall that may have a show Marshall in a beaut are you really right there that mayor says we only give leeway of a mistake of Omashu and imbued on our accord to the second version in came a summit at the matter if we do so if that's the case how you combining the testimony me or malucia's I'm active mascara on the cypher shovel - come on the killer session who told you that the first one meant the end of the hour and the second one meant the beginning of the hour can he look - say so sir because he tried to make them close well that's our if they do socialite a banana lost your toe saw them you want that they're agents should be so close that the only discrepancy should be the amount where people make mistakes so we could say it's just a mistake it's and it's a mistake oh my Dyke is behind me sadly Mahalo can do sir what if you would have done the others opposite it would be medalie to divide them much this LeMay mean you could say hide on my shoulders but Sheila souls vitamins how much besides how much really look been a and shall I show you some a shoe there's a discrepancy of three hours - a little bit because if I said the third and I meant the beginning of the third it's eight and you said the fifth and you meant the end of the fifth it's 10:59 so it's three hours huh Sam Marshall missing let's say a minute or a triplet middleman's I'm using the word minute they didn't have minutes but a fraction the Kievan they are the entire Kolkata and since you're saying people don't make such mistakes necks out nothing mekka lekka say do son their testimony gets divided split my coitus for Xavier Mukesh's it's a contradiction for like a fling with a high and we don't kill this guy van on a command a Kyrie Irving to son could they say our exact and we're gonna stand up and make their a disclosed just to kill that guy hard ah come on all my feet seal away this area tear the monopsonist horse we search for the benefit we search to save not to kill and Levada I made the chimera do some kms system you that says the a this is valid Chaminade is really that he holds Davila whatta man how come come oh yeah sure - huh even if you divide them to your utmost capacity malarum are you gonna say shall look to miss Calvin Attila Sascha vocalist so far and the first guy meant the beginning and the Second Amended and yesh lach little eyes with holes you could still attribute it to error of an angel a fisherman you can't deny them all don't owe your buttholes eyes because people make an error so that B I love is changing the entire plan what does rather say LR my rather back in the kimono the debris that may Adam tire stay show you so much that may it says we give people room to make an error by two hours missing a fraction the VW who the other employer show a show is awesome our show quarter w-who there room for error three hours missing a fraction and explains a degree that made of the entire station it's cause of my shoe so when I say to and you say three kiha my but Celeste I'ma be social the story happened either in the beginning of the second at the end of the third meaning I said to that seven so we're gonna say it I meant seven you said three which is AIDS so we're gonna say you meant 8:59 so the discrepancy between me and you is what two hours commercial ice at seven you said 859 why I've added a if I meant 759 and you meant a they would be evolving but I'm not gonna do that to kill somebody I'm gonna try to separate you as much as possible I'm gonna give you the worst possible recommendation not the best possible recommendation I'm gonna divide you I'm gonna say second hour means seven third hour means 859 not eight o'clock that's what I'm gonna do and if I say that what does it mean it means that the discrepancy between me and my friend was how much two hours customer so seven and nine drop less than nine that's why some stations custom our theory that made other notations customer sh my sick a boy but still this time maybe social cognitive station is Casa Marshall yeah and one of them made an error by two hours less than a fraction and we are assuming that this is a very common error and your mayor says therefore I cannot say that this testimony has a loophole it doesn't have a hole it doesn't have a breach person looks up and makes a mistake in other words it may have happened 8:59 right and I took a look almost nine o'clock I took a look and I thought it was seven that that's yeah it's early morning on the other hand they may have happened seven you took a look and you said it's almost nine ish it's almost - stay show us her sand my shoe is a mistake it's human error there's no reason to say they're lying I'm sorry I can't it's not anymore vide seal away the huh this all around the block around the clock around the clock that's the point that's the point that sort of made sense the VW who did abuser says Adam tell your shoulders is awesome Asha I give you room for error three hours minus a fraction so I say the third hour you say the fifth power again we're gonna try to divide we're not gonna try to connect I'm gonna say the beginning of the third hour is nine you said the fifth that was the end of the fifth hour is 11 or a drop less 10:59 right cuz it's the fifth hour they say 10:59 my sucky avoid with killers shalosh arba so commish story app and either the beginning of the third hour meaning the beginning of the third hour meaning 8:00 or the end of the fifth hour meaning 10:59 the academy now your couture show lawrence krauss at marshall yeah one of them made a mistake by three hours minus a fraction so even if we're gonna interpret their hours in the most remote and distant possible way to widen the discrepancy not to lessen to discrepancy i still uphold this testimony because this is not a lie there's no breach there's no breach of authenticity here there's no sign of dishonesty here this is a common mistake that people make why because they're counting their clock there they're counting their time based in the Sun in the sky let's see Rashi hello am i rather Lehrer made Adam Toyota Cole my shot a Yahoo Local against a Liu Xiaoyu McKay I may do so we're going to try the vibe the I know stage show us car so much Oh Mischa mafia do some Cayenne as the T now me I'm Ritesh how much time but still this time is I so much trouble sociology so listen to his words call regarding champagne time sheer am I so bad all the minutes all the seconds all the moments that the story can happen between 7:00 a.m. and 8:00 59 yes Fleur a malicious of alignment on my shop whether the murder happened seven or the murder happened 7:30 8:00 8:30 8:45 859 in this span of time if it happened a person is justified to say it's 7:00 it's 59 it's 8:00 and 8:30 it's all justified why cuz it's a span of time that lends itself to this error there's a margin of error we give you my sakura a bit so shall Japan solution i'm cholena nauseous no me boy am i am i submit such tiny bit feelers gimel the tallest Miletus of course if the story happened at the end of two of the beginning of three I say to you say three the story happened either at the end of two of the beginning of three the toast new at the zoo then it's a very small margin of error why is it a small margin of error deena me or my hybrid foolish timing canto Sela saw the hyena Miyama Basava shoulder shank canto cellar shot if it happened at the end of two and the beginning of three or the beginning of three meaning it happened seven seven fifty nine or eight o'clock then I vowed that we are the standard marries view because even if I set seven right and you said nine you're only an hour off een ami imma be safe showers even if he said three and he means at the end in canto sellers shop Li filo have a my Sabbath foolish time I hide on my shoulders massage on the ash current old station is HUS Omashu I feel hockey and kayak Lana love at lunch Africa Adam even if we're going to assume that word that you meant the end of the third hour and the story happened when in the beginning of the second hour so we're dealing with two hours less a fractional person makes a mistake well the w-who there Nami and there be hood the Nami we're gonna make the same session with three hours Oh bhai jaan of the pernicious the tsunami marasuchus Luba Hall are you homeless ikat Tito barking even as we distance them as much as we can people still make this mistake that I know she'll show us cos a mushroom my psyche javi goes through the story holy that basically it happened in the beginning of three or at the end of five Colima home our shelter yahuwah - fela record Amish boys - oh yeah my sir ain't eight heroic momentum Toba go as far as possible from each other and one says that the moment that happened it happened the beginning of the third hour meaning happen eight o'clock and you're gonna say that the other story happened when eleven o'clock it's fine three hours less a fraction a person makes a mistake granted this is how other understands the Gemara he told me ah no he didn't say you heard wrong he just couldn't understand how I buy it how I buy you would say this take a look not specifically there yep yep take a look entice miss the top Tigers Ella on my Ravel the dividend made other tell your base choice interesting quest give all the good question it may said you can make a mistake by two hours so if I say to you say three it works maybe I meant seven you met nine that's fine it works in time I am connected I'm a beginner record I remember hey I might do some tailor named wood over the previous half if so why doesn't it mayor argue in a case where once said the third hour and one said the fifth hour and here we are gonna be hood should still work why because say this story happened and the fourth hour in other words I meant the beginning of the third you meant the end of the fifth so I meant seven you meant eleven right that's a big jump seven till 11:00 the gimel over hey right I say begin mo so we say it's the beginning of the third hour I'm sorry eight and you said the fifth hour which is the end of the fifth hour which is eleven that's a hillock of three hours so review this says it works mayor says it doesn't work because two hours yes three hours not correct I suppose it should also work why you can't say their lawyers say the story happened when ran in the middle story I've been right in the middle you're saying 11 I'm saying eight say the story up at 9:30 even 9:00 a little after 9:00 you say people have two hours almost two hours say if you talk to say the story happened like one saw eight then you have to be lying because you gave me an 11 I got it the story happened at 11 and I have to be lying because I gave you an 8 then people don't make this error but according to this toaster says why is it made Iowa's w-who did say the story happened in the nines and they both are honest the Islamic is suffer over the ain't little s a toes Bosnian because rubber Holtz that it mayor holds you will never attribute a mistake to both that's already too much it's too much ly too much benefit of the Dallas now that one guy made an error I'm fine with that I never by two hours I'm fine but they say that everybody is both far off I don't say that that's where the mayor says after they come and one guy yeah to say both I'm stretching it businesses sorry we're not killing anybody for that can't hear slashes after they didn't begin America they member hey I might do some Taylor why is it it may say it's not good in Lodi close behind Saudi Dilma had to come and begin Baba so Gitmo once once says gimbal on one says hey it says they this is bottle why be mad I can they this and say gimble the save Gitmo and if it's over Gitmo that means it happened nine o'clock so even if it really I say it happened nine o'clock even if it really happened eleven I'm still good the Ashley Manila hospital okay I may do some way but kinam to be math Amir and to be Makai invaders to kill we're not gonna go crazy you could find out that it's received Gitmo and then kill the person we're not gonna do it feat seal away the means I'm gonna try to grill them until I see what happens now the drama is telling us don't stop grilling he doesn't don't stop grilling if you find our packing he meant the end of the second now in the beginning of the third hour fine but if not if you find out they meant different for sure you have to change it even if you don't if it's a Suffolk give it the benefit of the doubt and meet silhouette so toys you said but the opposite rubber is not gonna say and I'm saying grill em grill and grill and grill and find out that he meant the end of the third hour if you meant and in the third hour you'll kill the guy is that what I'm gonna do when I'm gonna do again if he tells us it was the end of the third hour we don't have a choice if we have to kill it we have to follow our local we can't in our our our personal incentives here but the point is I'm not gonna go destroy him until I get out that sighs that's could that could that could kill the guy with the other way I will do it and if I can't get a clear answer from him I'm gonna say okay I don't know but if I could make it that hour I'm gonna save a person that's what I'm gonna do you have to tied debated of it says one of the December in and of it says he tries to justify it you have to explain something for our byah byah he says even though that have been heard of it since in our BIOS even though the traitor says we shoved away the meat seal away though he says that we do not assume witnesses are lying if we could say they're not lying that's what he says how can beat seal away de butter bean and of it says I buy your halt we never assume anus to be lying if they have a khuskhus Castro's if they're fine people we love not assume that if we could say that they're not lying that's a bias for it that's renovated of it says our buyer halts rubber holds not rubber Holtz that's not the way to do it the only way we will not say they're lying we will the only way we will assume they're not lying is if it's a common error in other words if it's a common error that people are constantly making the Sun is in the sky you're making an error by an hour you know by two hours couldn't view them by three hours then we're going to say and since it's very common for people to make this error we're not gonna say they're not making an error and they're lying that we're not going to do even though they won't do that Ivete silhoue de vich see the way the osa has limits with silhoue that doesn't mean I'm gonna Daffy could prove that you I could always say you're I mean I can always say people are lying any aid could come and we could say other guy is lying how do you know how do you know we can always do that but we don't do that on aid unless we discover unless we discover unless we discover a breach so w hood assess if it's not a shear that people have the derrick to make an error then reverse says we will not match their ages to each other wear abaya actually has a different perspective abaya holds that we will not assume a this are lawyers if there's a way to explain what they said without a deception and since there'll be hood this says a person only makes a mistake by half an hour or two the second version by an hour so now we can interpret the testimony in two ways one in a way that they're lying because the discrepancy is too wide for error for margin of error and one in a way that they're not lying and that's what we're going to interpret it we're rather absolutely argues and he says that this is the opposite of it silhouett our focus shouldn't be on assuming that they're innocent our focus should be on assuming that the victim the potential victim is innocent so here we have the big McCoy case of a buyer of how to understand this machine this class is brought to you by the achieve Annette please help us continue the classes make even a small contribution at triple w dot they ueshiba net / donate