Tefillah: How A Comma Can Change the Whole Meaning By Rabbi Dr. Ahron Adler

okay bov um this year as all our shum this year are dedicated in memory of and the learning should also be a that should allow all of our to come home safely and all our to come home safely and we should end this properly for the whatever that's supposed to mean has an idea of what is all about um the page I just handed out now there might still be some carries a title Cong 18th of mut the 18th World Congress of Jewish studies which was conducted here inim in the summer of 2022 where I presented this particular topic but it has the sources that I want for the coming shim so you'll have to excuse me with the topic very strange title in the that appear in now the ramb was a class aaradi a thoroughbred SAR um while there are some ashar greats who um were were are somewhat of a hybrid sometimes because of relocation and sometimes because who their teachers were the rambam was not I'll just give you two examples one was the ramban RAB mosman clearly a sardy giant no doubt Barcelona 13th century except that some of his teachers were from the balv were those who migrated from France so he has ashkanazi training as well so ramban is categorically a hybrid but even more so rabo AER known as The Rush The Rush was born in ashaz and migrates to Spain and becomes a r and Toledo in the um in the 14th century already late 13th century beginning of 14th century he clearly writes his per on the in the style of the tovot so you can see that that he is in line with that kind of tradition yet when he writes his sh his responsum when he's a in Toledo in Spain it has the style of thei ranim so he was able to adapt to be a type ofi POS while on the other hand he was a Paran a one who exposit to explain the in the spirit of the to for so this is something that we have I mean there are many of you may remember from Ocean Parkway in Brooklyn the rabbi liberman who Rabbi of the Syrian Community you know how did that happen and how did Rabbi mayor salvic grandson of raron salvic become the rabbi of the Spanish Portuguese synagogue in New York city so these things happen or for that matter the thei was the father of rabak of emden the great R from Germany 300 years ago his father was was get a position in Amsterdam and he was a r over a community of Spaniards who fled from the expulsion and they were now in Amsterdam a very large Jewish Community Jewish community and he becomes the RV and that's why he's named is is what they told they gave to the ronam of the spum and he's Thoroughbred ashkanazi except that he's rabona in aardi community so he's the but so rakov emden his son is known as RAB yob Ben so the is the and the Ra enden was more popularly known by his abbreviations bet sadic Yakov Ben the yitz and that generated the name javitz like in Jake Javit the great senator from New York State who was and the Javit Center in his memory in Manhattan who was a great great great great great great grandson of the rakov and the not bad that's pretty good and he knew knew about it he knew about that but he wasn't uh he wasn't a bahid jake javitz but he was a friend of the Jews friend of Israel for sure okay so um at at this conference I spoke and we'll see what means Mishra coming in Nas but let's look at the first two sources which I already brought to your attention the last two weeks and that has to do and this will kick us off where Raba makes a comment in the HMA here is a general principle anybody who makes an era in the coined phrase that used to write to author to the and the he is an ER he has to repeat the I believe I mentioned it was last week or the week before that the r restates this later down down the road in where he modifies he says yeah you are error but you fulfilled your obligation anyway as long as and that's the source number [Applause] two can be said in any language so can you imagine you mentioned about the the way a person says KES you can even say in the vernacular in a different language by the way provided that you understand the language because if if you don't understand the Chinese and you're reading the brahan Chinese then there's no fulfillment of the but if Chinese is your spoken language and you DAV in Chinese fine you know sometimes when I listen to it sounds like Chinese you know the way they DAV but in any language the translation should follow the way the instituted the it should have the component parts but if he DED in Hebrew but he somehow did not really say it in accordance with the precise coined language hoill provided he mentions God's name and he mentions the fact that God is the king of the universe somehow the and the theme of the is there even in a foreign language he fulfilled his obligation now that's a far cve from what he said earlier in SCE number one that if you don't say it precisely the way it was authored by K you are in error and you have to repeat the that whatever it might be and I believe I mentioned that the V believed that this was a changed position in the rambam and I have an idea that the rambam changed position based on a view in the Yi that's a story I'm not going to repeat but um this this this gives us a very very important uh uh kickoff that the language has to be correct now what happened with time because of the expulsion of Jews from Merit Israel and you should know that the big expulsion did not happen at the time of the second destruction but happened at the aftermath of the boka Revolution which was in 135 136 of the Common Era about 65 years after theban that's when the expulsion really took place which means after theban in the year 70 most of the Jews who were here remained here of course we mentioned time in Memorial many times that most of the Jews weren't even here in the first place for B cheni they were in bavel and there was already Jewish community in Egypt and there was a budding Jewish Community developing in Italy which becomes the embryonic um community of ashkenas ultimately Italian Jews move more North and they move to Germany France Germany and so on that becomes ashkenas but um you already have from the days of Kash a a very very small Jewish Community developing in Italy but you have a significant Jewish community in Egypt and the majority of Jews are in what modern day Iraq bavel Babylonian Jewish Community but you had Isel yeah so you have to check it out with the gabim you're absolutely right the the pace of the should be in accordance with the majority of the people ding day you cannot hold back the community because one person is having difficulty that you can't do because that would be Torah that you're you're causing causing undue burden to the community but uh I've been in situations already where the Kazan was so fast that he he doesn't have his crowd with him when you're supposed to have a minion with him and that's bad and that's very very bad so okay is less problematic less problematic because you don't need a minion you don't need a Minion for L has a nickname it's called because people have one foot out the SHO so I'm saying alen is less problematic more problematic is if the boru where the just speeds along and he's up to sh and kados kados he doesn't have a minion with him you have to have a Minion for for kados kados kados I mean you can say this at home also but if it's in sh it should be done with a minion so the kazin should Pace himself that that the people should be able to be with him at all the stations uh that's more critical uh really more critical even so you you you want to make sure that most of the people in SCH with you and the say in the so you can't have a situation where there's 150 people in 10 people finished and he doesn't have a Minion for kadha that's not right so in these cases if you feel that whether it's in theim or in the men they people lagging behind severely so the gabim should be brought to their attention and they should discuss it and so on of course in some cases the Gaba is going to say DAV somewhere else but there that's not a solution in my opinion but I do have sometimes right I do have look in the weak Dominion there some legitimacy of Ding A little fasther because people are in a rush they're fine they're in a rush and thank God they're coming to sh in the morning but what I do I come I'm the first I have the keys to the sh and um I open the doors and open the lights and I'm there 15 20 minutes before ding starts you put on talv like a mench and you start saying usually by time I get to's up to so and I've instructed the after to cool it you know to take it you know moderately but zimra they rush through P zimra so if they're going to rush through P zimra so you might as well get a jump start and and um and and and and d a head because there's no concept of that's why a a 5-year-old can be the quote unquote forra he's just a pay Setter and by the there is no there everybody sitting down and one gentleman say is saying it out loud word for word the entire and that goes back to the days where people didn't have so there was a need for somebody to say it out loud and and then everybody just follows along and and he keeps Pace that's all it is the kazin starts with kades after that's the way the r says because that's when starts when the first kades after that's so if there's a problem of getting you know because of slowly saying which is a proper thing to do all you do is come a little early that's all but with regard to the other times then you can just dress bring the to the gab's attention or the V the board of the sh so they should talk about it yeah yeah the Persians the the the r there's somebody in the Persian sh that says that I they say the whole thing out loud that's thei custom that's thei custom ASM don't do that yeah number one you're talking about correct comes from the so understand that it can't have any change wait we're talking about yeah but the subject is the BR the subject that the raah makes this comment is the BR before and afterma and by the way you already stumbled on one of the answers that some people give to this pseudo contradiction between Source One and Source two and they say when it comes to the phrase that ends when it comes to the ending that's where the r was a stickler it has to be precise when the raham talks about Source number two he's talking about the body of the braa so there he lets go a little bit and he says well it can be in any language and it can be in every form as long as it conforms to the theme of the braah and so on so that's one of the solutions to this U the villo didn't like that solution he knew it he just said no raham Chang his mind finished and you know when whenever somebody said the Rah Chang mind I'm in business you know then then then I was happy that fine Rah change his mind okay but it was the galut that caused the dispersions of Jewish people throughout the world after the Barba Revolution and the breakdown of central halakic Authority with the abandonment of the Sanhedrin the Sanhedrin no longer could function in the way it functioned and that was to be a a final word in the oral law inash which means when the when the uh let's say B cheni second mdash era the Sanhedrin function so there was no such thing as different n you know where are different n may have developed on Babylonian soil because they didn't have the communication with ER Israel but occasionally greats from Merit Israel did came down to bavel and told them what the decisions of the ba and then sometimes they adjusted it and and sometimes they they didn't adjust sometimes there were minhagim that developed independently in bavel and became part of our ritual for example halel on KES there's no such animal ases Hal was instituted for 18 specific days and they are the eight days of sukot the eight days of kanah that's already 16 first day of p and one day of sh 18 in add three for the Yum of shen three times around 21 days that's the mitz of where you have the exact text of from say Z that's Hal that is Hal fine and we make a RAV who is the great am in B hails for merit Isel Studies by rabi descends to B and he's known he's a known Persona already and he comes toes and he went ballistic they're saying Hal what do you mean Hal who says Hal KES there was no such animal in is saying rashes but then when he saw that they skipped the chapter or half a chapter here and skipped a half a chapter there he cooled down he calmed down okay it's only a Minag it's only a Minag Min so you what is Hal it's toim it's toim so you know so some of you know that I have a fascination of uh flying so my 70th birthday you know my kids bought me a a flight lesson yeah yeah so I flew I flew for an hour with a instructor but I I did it did the whole thing did the whole thing fine so my wife said you let me know when you land don't let me know before and then she said that day happened to have been rosesh it happened to in rodes she said all of Amish was saying tillum for you work dri was ons yeah time yeah he open said usually the passenger seat right right right okay he they said that's good that's good as long as he did it by the red light yeah if he didn't do it at the red light I'd be a little bit worried right they say a story of uh the uh you know two people in SCH one DAV you know very well and SCH with a lot of on everything and and up and after 120 years he goes up and he sees that there's a taxi driver that's going into Gaden before him and not even a religious taxi driver so so he asked you know why why is this not fair he says this Taxi Driver generated more tillum than anybody else we said you know sometimes it's not even funny so so the uh raav the rav sees in B that they're saying Hal but then notices that they're abbreviating the Hal and he calmed down he said okay it's only a Min so this Min CAU on this Min CAU on then became the big issue do you say a on ones which is only a Min so the r says for sure no BR it's only a we don't make a br on a we make a even on a RAB Mitzvah so Rah says p and and is a RAB institution but on we say like on we say on the Mitzvah that's not a problem the but if it's a so there's no on on on Hales but Ren who's rashi's grandson said that we do make the on Hal ones and that became asazi until this very day you go to a and ones and there's no before in accordance with the Ram's opinion and the rambam against ra rash's grandson that filters down to between and becomes a classic of the Asim and the which is okay and um R who's you know thorough bread Sardi who's fighting to restore Sardi Min and he actually believed that all of us here in no matter where we came from become automatically by coming an alah because Roso was the marra was the ra Mak when was R marra 400 years in the 16th century so none of the poskim agreed with him on this but he said that if you prefer to keep Minash you have upon whom to rely on that's very nice but he also said that if you go if if a asazi is going to worry that he said the every that after 120 years God's going to accuse him of uttering in vain ashim can calm down because there's a principle in if you're covered by A Min that you do say a for something so you're not going to be held account for a in vain you I was worried yeah right was that originally that way no that's also so on when we say if we know it's not 50% abbreviated abbreviated Hal is Hal on the last from the second day of PES on R says no same thing same thing only time there's a br is when it's complete and by the way the Ra's was to complete and that's a modern idiomatic expression when you want to say all pra you know I want to shower you with all Praises we say that's a phrase but the background of that is which is the and have fine yeah J it could be I'm not familiar okay teach yourself to if you don't know you don't know I have across the street I'm going to be there I'm never in the bab in Kon I'm going to barai forar so if I see aik there I will try to remember to ask him what the Min is that would have to do with the first Reba who wrote his own it's called and it could be that he adopted the Ram's position on this it could be okay I have to check have to check but generally asham do say Hal on the the um last week we also dealt with issues of so so what I mentioned the business of galut let me get back to this that this caused differences of because we were far away we did not have Central Authority things develop in terms of change of n sometimes deliberately and sometimes inadvertently by copying you have to realize you didn't have printing press everything was handwritten and some say that the way um Movement we calling yish shuckling by daving was a result of one person had a written Sid and six people around him would share the Sid so everybody would move and take a peak and move back and let the next person move and take a peak and that's how this developed as a custom of shaking during daving simply as something like that and it's very likely there was some truth to this so you have people daving by heart you had people who didn't DAV at all they just listen to the Kazar the daving and if you were someone who did not know how to DAV and you wanted theor to beot to you so you had to stand with two feet together listen to every single word like Kish Friday night you listen to every single word cuz person's making Kish on your behalf and it's not just the answering aain at the end which by the way if you're listening to every single word you actually don't even have to answer aain because you listen to every single word but we answer amen because most of us don't always listen to every single word you know you you blank out somehow in the middle so if you say Amen it's like ditto you know I it's like I said it it says if you said it and that's why we fulfill Our obligation for kidish Friday night by having one person saying everybody but the point out that that even though we have there plenty of people in the world who come to don't know how to so the actually has to have that he wants to be MIT people during on a Monday morning Shak or you don't have to bother anybody coming to sh usually knows that a so but we still go through the motions of and and so on but becomes more acute his position why he's there and and so on so you have differences of that have developed and it's not just there and and there there's there there are a whole plethora of different of Y North Africa and so on said that sometimes the differences are minor you know just a you know slight change of a word here and there and sometimes it's even major fine so today it's kib time everybody's coming back to is so what's the so we don't have yet A is for most things there are a handful of things that we have congealed but what's happening is that under the there's and I say this in a positive sense intermarriage inter ethnic marriages the majority of the weddings in her Israel today are interethnic except for one grouping there's one grouping it's the Ked ashkanazi grouping it's the only grouping that does not see favorably view favorably inter U uh ethnic marriages but uh it's only a question of time that they'll come around because most of the grandchildren already have some uh others other ethnic identities in their blood and uh and eventually eventually even without sanedrin is going to merge with come around with one type of a here in is I'm am sure it's going to happen may take another 50 to 200 years or it'll happen with the emergence of the Sanhedrin and then they're going to be decisions taken on each whatever the is going to be so this is important and I mentioned the fact that not only are the words important but where you put the punctuation sometimes makes a big difference so on the page that I handed out not now but just I'm just going to go through very very quickly to give you some examples when we say in sh in in in the morning before we're talking about the now right some people say they all say together kados kados kados now the the the allowance or the license for us to say kadosh kados kados is that theim said it how do we know that they said it because yes got a peak in per he in the he sees the malim saying and they say to each other and that's what he saw what saw and heard was those are the two expressions of and we say in right we say how are we going to express words of K the way they did it up there how do we know this it's the brought it to the two who we're going to call upon is they said to each other right this is all expressions from the the scene of The Chariot that so we are simply repeating the language of so we say it before we say they accept upon themselves the Yoke of Heaven they are with it and in very clear and melodious language they all say the Kad so kadus is a noun it means the text of kadus whereas others say the following it's a it's a it's an adjective with holy Melody holy Melody Comm all of them say it together so what is it is it as a noun where the comma comes before or is it well depends which city they open up has the K before and the is a noun and and some people who sped have moved the comma and the word now becomes an adjective so again you're going to see this in a s and it's not that the printer made a mistake there are two different Traditions as to how to say this what bothers me is I know people who say and say you are wrong by saying no we're not wrong we have a tradition Rashi in his commentary to yes says knows he lifts the of K out of context and he puts it in his and I also found one of the saying also so that is correct and that is also correct and you say what you say either we say what your grandfather said or you just pick and choose but or what the what the if if the sh has one so go in line with the but you have the movement of the K makes a big difference how we say this or for example when when there no so they instituted says or is it which is it is it or is it well is it it's a it's a thre prong so it should be where is this found it's found in the or is it a that finds itself three times in the now is it three times in the it's only once in the right it's in ah one second there's also a where the text is not there but it says that Aron raised his hands and gave a and Rashi says this was the text of the so you have at least a second mentioning implicit and then there are midashim that suggest a third reference notice when the world of medish you can squeeze out three times in the so you have this it's three times found in the or the is but it's only found once where this has to do with the Kama where do you put the Kama makes a difference but maybe the the one that really can blow us away is we all respond toades how do you say it do you say or do you say you look at you're going to see both or none none or some sidur printers decided not to stick their head they put commas in both places that makes it even easier right so this is discussed in a to in the beginning of whether you should say it this way or that way the favored the and to there gives two explanations what it can mean this way it can mean that way I'm just pointing out as another example where a comma positioned in after one word means one thing and it's positioned two words down the road it means something else the whole thing mean something else so this we have to be careful about let's look at our page and see what we have here in Source number three this is from the laws ofah the subject is now we say in the morning as a part of the of the morning you open up a s before you even get started you have I would even tell advise people shakar let's assume before davening you want to nibble something because you're just very hungry so you know thear tells us that we should DAV before we eat okay okay acceptable there's there's a a reference it's not biblical don't get me wrong here but there's a reference that the says on what does it mean don't eat on blood what does that mean it's explained in different ways so one way the says don't eat before you pray for your blood for your health that is to say fine the raham comes along and tells us if if you're hungry then you have a h of a sick person and then you can eat so a sick person doesn't have to worry about this and raah says you don't have to be deathly ill if you're hungry that's good enough because raah realized that if you're going to go into Davin you know with a lot of hunger pangs and starving you're not going to dve them right anyway you're going to dve too quickly it goes too quickly you're going to D much too quickly it's not worth it it's just not worth it so you might as well eat something what you should do is have a full-blown breakfast you know that for sure not but the idea of so the poskim started getting into this business of you know how much are you allowed to eat before so some say you know to drink that's okay water fine tea fine with sugar without sugar all kinds of discussions all the poim start you know jumping on the bandwagon and and and so on the only thing is that if you really feel that you know especially on shop this morning you know you going go to SCH at 9:00 in the morning 8:30 in the morning and you're going to come back at 11:30 and you didn't eat anything that's a problem of not fasting on Shabbat you're not allowed to do that so in any case whether it's Shabbat or weekday and I will stress that on Shabbat there's no obligation to say KES in the morning before you inak because people say how can you eat before before KES the obligation of Kish kicks in after shakas not after M after shakas so if for whatever reason the sh wants to have a break like sometimes on before there are many shs that have a break before and mus and people make KES so that's perfectly okay and you don't even have to wait for but usually that's what the would do they would Lane first and finish up with laning and then you know go out for a break but um the idea of uh of of eating in the morning having something on Shabbat or Y before daving you don't have to worry about KES because there's no obligation for KES before you even DAV fine took care of that but um as long as you sayak bakar is something one should say before eating eating or drinking whether it's a weekday whether it's Shabbat and then you know you want to have a cup of coffee you want to have a cup of tea you want to my mother used to say that the BR on a cup of tea is B you never sit down to a cup of tea without a piece of cake Right Said the BR of OFA isus fine so that you want to something something it's not I as I always say I've heard of bigger Aus so I remember once I was on one of the Poland trips in was sitting shop this morning in the hotel before going out to Sho and I always make sure that there's some drinks hot drinks and uh some cake to eat and so on and and gentleman comes over to me as I'm finishing up a piece of cake and he says isn't it true you're not allow to eat before daving and it was you know that was really I mean the timing was impeccable I said I said there's a be Ram that I can eat really what does the ramam say Rah says if you're hungry have a din I'm hungry so I'm eating that's all simple as that that I mean they accuse me that was really something you know but but I always very careful to say before because isasi it's it's not formal it's not but nevertheless it's something so one of the things that we say in is now it factors into the S but it's an independent obligation if you happen to wake up at 4 in the morning before you can even SA because it's not the the this hasn't you know for break but you want to study Tor so the ra tells us here Source number three if you're going to study Tor before you reach and whether it's t you're studying you want to read till them for that matter or you want to study you want to study so what do you have to wash your hands says the r there are three in ra is telling us you have to say in the morning even it's before the time of daving because this allows you to study Torah fine and there's nothing wrong it's very commendable that a person is going to study Torah at 4 in the morning if he gets up at 4 in the morning fine so you have to say I will just say that the says categorically using for words it's it's equality across the board here why is that important and who says it it's rosaro thei because rosaro the spari Echoes the rambam sentiment that when it comes to the time bound MIT like lul any time bound Mitzvah that comes along with a so the rambam said women who are allowed to voluntarily fulfill these mitv should do it without a and that's how says it in and that's how waved the the banner of let's get the back on track and and women do not say why not the explained explained because the ra explain understood the word v in the v He Who is obligated if the obligation is not there you don't make a ra argued with the RAM on this and said that a woman does make a on bound and that's why the says it and that's why women asazi women do make the so one second what do he do with the word vitu well he understood it differently obviously so there two ways to understand how ra understood Vu so most people understand it that R understood the word Vu that it wasn't on the person doing the Mitzvah right now but it's on CLA Isel I mean why in the world is the woman going into the Suka because there's a why in the world is she listening to theer because there's a that's why she's doing it so was given the Mitzvah so she's part ofu as part of irrespective of the fact that as a woman she may not have been obligated to do this particular mitzvah but this particular Mitzvah is part of the Torah of Cl for cl fine the had a different take on this he's used a a a split that's that's classic from the LD of brisk the difference between and a an obligation and a fulfillment and he said that that the is one thing the Kum the Fulfillment is something else you can be in a scenario where you're not obligated but you voluntarily do the Mitzvah so what is it just a an act that has no value absolutely not it's a fulfillment of a Mitzvah 100% And the object of the Mitzvah has to be 100% kosher even the mahadin has to be good and and a woman who opts to fulfill a mitv that she is exempt is in 100% fulfillment of the Mitzvah it's not partial fulfillment it's 100% fulfillment and that's this split between and obligation and fulfillment is the way the briskers explained the dispute between the rambam and the ramban about living in ER Isel because the ramban counts it as one of the 613 and says you have to pick yourself up and move and he did it I mean it took him four years to get there because the flight from Barcelona to Tel aiv didn't run that day in the 1263 but he made it ter Isel after four years but the rambam does not counted as part of the 613 yet the rambam glorifies living in her is so what's going on here so the said that the ran believes that it's a fulfilled Mitzvah when you come in alah you are in fulfillment of the mitzva of Y even though it wasn't part of the list of the 613 that obligated you so this split between and exists in the Lexicon of the L of brisk and that's how understood the difference between and for the word Vu that according to R you can say Vu even if you are in just in fulfillment of the mitzvah that's good enough to say vitu you don't have to be in the obligatory box you can be in the Kum box and the and then that's going to be good enough and that's the way ashkanazi women do they say Vu on all the mitv that they do for sure so so the but that's the the dispute between R the fine but there's no there's no no dispute whatsoever even the believe that there's an obligation for a woman to say B Tor in the morning before she studies Tor why so the answer is because the bir has nothing to do with the obligation for Torah study we're not getting into the whole discussion of of of of differences between men and women obligation of Torah study that's not the issue here the idea is that the Torah itself the mere study of Torah demands that words of sh of Praise are said before you start studying that's based on a just mentioning God's name and God's name in a wide sense not just specifically mentioning God's name but everything about toat Moshe is mentioning God's name anything any Pas even what came out of Bam's donkey's mouth it's Torah it's God's word and and and therefore we have to bring and offer words of gah of greatness and praise to so this has nothing to do with obligation or fulfillment it's a completely different notion of why we say B and hence women are obligated in bir and what's interesting and again when I'm going to say something I'm not saying that I'm voting for this uh procedure but in those very modern Orthodox settings that would like to offer a woman in Al and let's just say it's in the context of just women davening okay just whatever it is the um the the problem is how how if kazal didn't establish cre T except in the context of a minion and a 10 women does not constitute a minion I'm not going to be terribly apologetic about it how can you have the answer is they tell the women who are going to get alot not to say the Tora in the morning until they called up to the Tor and then to say the which is the of in the morning so they get it done before that so there's no okay I'm just saying is that a lot of thought was given to to to this uh uh but I'll really blow you away now so but you have to put your seat belts on I don't want anybody falling off their chair now pleas please please please please please the um the question of a minion of tenan in the whole minion is ten kohanim that can happen my father-in-law of sh was aen and he remembers that in Frankfurt the family used to have a SE and and and by his father and they would have a family minion for Min and chabas which means they laned how do you give out alas if everybody's a cayen oh so that's the easy one so is a Cen fine married to Cen so so is your family also cenne not just a no okay so you married up wooo my wife married down see so so what do you do so he says right that's what most poim say if everybody's aen why don't we give andish and on a Shabbat why because somebody's going to say ah Rabbi Kahana said he's a Cen I saw him get kamishi so really he's not aen it's gonna g to cause a rumor of the of the pedigree of the family so don't give cahas and Cen and cats that's Cen sedc and catsman and katsenstein and Katen Elan and and and and Kaplan which became chaplain like in Charlie Chaplain So Not only was he a shy but he was also a Cen you know yeah yeah yeah so all these kohanim names right and aai if you're a Moroccan Why is the abev creation of for the yeah I learned this from you know my great teacher in Hebrew so so you have all these names ofanim and so on so so everybody says if the whole you don't have to worry about because everybody knows that they you give a the only thing we do today we give a because ma is not even in and if it's not but if we give extras we give a so then you can give a a lot of time do this at a B Mitzvah of a family of Kim so you know you want to get the grandfather here and you want to get the brother give a leyah the only way to do it is to make Anon and because the B himself is going to get Ma so on so he can do it that's not a problem but there's a Chua fromberg who's maram marenberg he is the closer of the balot Germany 14th century he early 14th century late 13th century he dies on kashem in a pum and and and and his what happened was with with rberg actually he was kidnapped he was a hostage he was a hostage and and the and the church wanted Ransom money from the community and you know they were willing to Ransom him but he ping no because it's going to bring about more kidnappings so they didn't allow his body out for years years till eventually they let his body out forur so so ra was a kados was a mod for sure and he was the last of the B the end of the period of the to the most acclaimed po of his generation and it is important for you to understand this because when you hear his what do you do when you have a withan says well you give the first alyah and he gets the second alyah that's what we do when there's no Ley and then for you call up women women see good thing fagy had a seat Bel on because he was ready to fall off the chair ready to fall off the chair right give women why do women not get a says not that people are going to feel uncomfortable and the women going to walk up it might be might have all kinds of thoughts when she walks up if she's a good-look lady and so on it's just in Yiddish we say SP it just doesn't fit doesn't fit okay but M said I would rather not budge on Thea not to give even though here in this case it could work okay he understood that but I don't want to budge with this because this is Ironclad I'd rather budge with giving a woman an Ayah now that became used this chuva by the conservative movement in America you see rber pasin the wom get Ayah okay Bes that but he said it in circumstances but Rin also used this Chua for what purpose there was a scenario once in a schul in America where there was a Sim could be azv whatever it was and guess come so what happens when a woman comes to SCH she doesn't know how to get into she by accident falls into the men's section it can happen you know so what do you do you PR lightly you know tell the woman where the door for the ASAT is then that's the end of the story so this woman came in in the middle of laning like some women come a little late and she came in the middle of laning okay so somebody escorted her out so every sh has a zealot a Kan and this Kan yells and he says that b should repeat theim that were laned when the woman was there and he made a whole thing about it like the biggest Mitzvah in the world is to embarrass the woman publicly that's like a very big Mitzvah you know and and there was a whole rash in the sh had a handle this so M shabas somebody wrote to Rin that he should give a ruling on this so he said oh yeah of course it was a the question was that he said this man said that the moments that the woman was in the men's section so there was a Prof the profaning of the kadha of theet and hence the laning of those two three that went on while this woman was standing there was invalidated and had to be reread that's what the guy claimed so Raa says yeah there was a that guy's Outburst was a that's what he he calls it as it was because you know don't draft me into being on his side and not only that but I'm going to prove to you I'm going to prove to you that there's no PR profaning of K even if God forbid in a in a AA was done a real AA and he cites a Chua from the Middle Ages where on Friday night the Shamus of the Sho was having an affair with a married woman in the community in the Sho and then that story broke and somebody claimed that the sho's sanctity was profaned and the Pak was it wasn't it wasn't so for sure this was not a you know profaning of Shem hasem and then he goes further and he says but the marenberg said if the whole was just so then from you give women a leas you see that a woman can be in sh during Ling that's his proof so while Raa would never never said that if somebody would have asked him what do I do to just he would have said what just said give and the discussion but he drafts the chuva of RA BR into service to prove that a woman getting an Ayah doesn't cause the profaning of the kadus bet so what are you doing with this guest who walked in for two seconds you know make a whole rash and so on so I'm just saying that that Tru of mberg was was actually very important so now you're going to say how many people know of that truva of the ramar B so a lot of people don't know it from the chuvas of the morberg from the book The respons of literature but he had a great fortune that he was quoted by his talmid who was the student of moram Rutenberg and he happened to have been his nephew as well and he also died as a modder in 1298 I'm talking about the author of theot If you look at source number four Source number four it says haot haot was an ashkanazi thoroughbread again nephew and student of M Rutenberg who looks at the rambam sari book and he's going to tell us what we do know to a certain degree he does to the r what raes too thei what does rfo do he writes a it's a prepared table what does the ra do he puts the mapa he calls it the tablecloth I'm putting the ashkanazi tablecloth on it so it becomes ashkanazi friendly so the ashm can also use the book fine so today is a tennis match between and CA you're going back and forth but the printer did us a favor by printing raboso in bold letters and R in Rashi print so you know right away that you've moved fromat thei view to K the view is doing that for but the early on in life in history did the same thing for the rambam and he makes it ashkanazi friendly look the ramam says that on Pur you make a three at night okay three for the for M and in the morning you don't have to say again and but we says the the the name of his re theber we repeat the in the morning so if an ashkanazi is learning the rambam and you you you all of a sudden you take a second time what do you mean we don't do this you take a peak down in the page to more often than not he's going to draw attention the fact that the do it somewhat differently somewhat differently fine so here we're going to see an example of where you have a of the so I'm just going to introduce it now we're going to do it next week in the begins that's what say say fine on that difference we'll talk about next week as well and then comes the continuation does it continue or is there a v or is there no V Let's look just look for a second at source number three where I'm reading it says on the second line you you made three and then you study you read you study and here they are and then says right that's what it says you see it I have it on the line jump down to Source number four with now if he's commenting and saying that by us it's with a what was there in his text of the rambam clearly without of he was commenting that in the r says but I'm telling you we say it's continuation what is a v it's a conjunction it continues the previous and the next so you have one long according to that begins [Applause] with first second says the three why first ends with end now new and ends and then come the third so is not just on but is do we have two three that's the what's behind that M but one thing is clear the printers inadvertently printed in the rambam and that's why I have it hereen Source number three the printers inadvertently printed ashas how did that happen stay tuned next week now you're going to have to come next week because I'm going to leave you you know the suspense in suspense but we've learned who the mar Rutenberg was who the um Bal the author of who is his nephew there was a there was a um there was a pram FL Germany in 1298 that's where he perished and I know about it because two of my colleagues in the two years ago when I was in the fellowship in Harvard they were experts in medieval Jewish history one was a Goya a Goya lovely girl I'll mention her name Sophia Schmid who knew the chuvas of moram marenberg by heart I couldn't believe it I couldn't believe it she knew the and the I mean these are difficult and I was sitting there embarrassed so she told me you know the r my heart I don't know the R by heart oh no oh no so she told me about the FL progam in 1298 oh thank you very much it was his grandson who fell was his Grand right Alias right that's what's done that's what's okay uh I'll collect the pages to make sure that everybody has the pages next week every