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Chulin 11
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Auto-generated transcript. Not time-synced to the video.
Today's D is
and we are 23 lines from the bottom of
today's being learned as a before.
So
I feel like we've been saying this a lot
lately but today's daf requires an
asterisk. We mentioned it on d on dav on
dess.
It's equally if not more true for
as a matter of fact
is in the conversation of the most
distin
what's the topic it's the laws of kazok
and the laws of rife. Now why are we
talking about and so if you take a look
at Rashi
Rashi says it's based on the fact that
some of the that we mentioned over the
last two daffin relied very much on
specifically ones
the Gmorra brought Rapuna's memor which
said
This was for plus it's predicated on the
concept of as a matter of fact you see
in that we rely on both and
there's something called
[snorts]
there's something called Kazaka Lula.
Obviously, this is not the only place in
Shast that you find the idea of Kazak,
but at the same time, it featured
prominently right here in the last two.
And it's for that reason Zashi
feels this is a good place to digress a
little bit, take a few steps back and
discuss a little bit.
Now, that explains why the Gumar is
going to talk about. But as we're going
to see, it's two lines from the top of
in the middle of the is going to say
we're talking about because that was
a major part of the last two
specifically meas
didn't seem to be featured
disproportionately in these last than it
is in so many other places. So I
understand why we're discussing why we
talking about. So Rashi addresses the
question on the top of
and Rashi says
once we're talking about what's the we
might as well talk a little bit about
what's the Mart as well. According to
Rashi this epic suga's
memoras
was very much neg
to talk about what is the mart once we
mention what the mart is
very much but we also talk a little bit
about what the marty is now rashi's
mahalak in terms of explaining why we're
discussing R that it's all
[clears throat]
of
is a little because it's true R and
Kazak very much are bound by the hip but
there are other very important ideas
that come to the party that Ro and
Kazaka attend for example there's an
idea called ko there's a concept of mig
What's the of all the affformentioned?
These are all
of us. So you want to tell me
because we're going to mention which has
some to the beginning of we're also
going to mention well why stop after why
didn't say
by the way is a big deal. There's a
whole basket
which one is or why don't we say
that there's a concept of migu
right all these ideas come together
what rash is saying although it's the is
a little bit darker if you take a look
at the kadushy
theran says differently the ran says
that just like in rafuna's mera we saw
the idea of kazak in rafuna's memor we
saw the idea of Why? What did say
that's
so if you have a suffic right now in
it's that the behemoth is going to be
awesome. Why? Because before the be was
awesome.
Is it the or is it the but at the end of
the day it was
thus you see the concept of what was the
once you do the
meaning once there was a if now it was
maybe the animal was a tra so the
animals considered to be that it wasn't
a trai
where's the that it wasn't a traer.
Maybe it was a tra and if it was a tra
was never really mid and if that's the
case what does it mean
what's the terret is because
being that
therefore once you do the the animals
that it's
and therefore if it's suffic now you're
going to have but at the end of the day
that
is rooted in [snorts] the fact that
animals are not. If that's the case in
you see the concept of and you see the
concept of that's why we're going to
have a whole here on again with the
we're going back to but it's not just
that we see you see and hence we're
going to have the
Okay. So the as we'll see is going to be
made up of two parts not two equal
parts. The first part is going to be
okay. The second is going to be
so we have to be mocked a little bit.
This is the second introduction to the
idea of Khazaka and then is when we get
up to the part of the we'll do a tiny
bit of an introduction to as well. When
we talk about the word it can mean many
different things. The Kazak of Rafuna
was where something was established to
be a certain way based on facts. Now it
was no suffic that maybe that changed.
There's a concept of the last time I
knew for sure what the status of this
was. It was a certain way. We assume the
status quo and as a result there's an
idea of if I'm not sure what's going on
just assume that it is the way it always
was. That's a concept of that's known as
and this idea of by the way you find it
from a a physical perspective and you
find it from a perspective. So there's a
that we assume that if the mikvah had 40
it still has 40 or there's a
that if a person physically was of a
certain
way then probably that didn't change.
There's also a concept of as it relates
to if something was or if something was
or we are allowed to assume the status
quo that's the concept of but the bottom
line is the first category of
is what's known as the second is what's
known as
is also referred to as but it's a
completely different [snorts]
is that we assume certain we assume
people behave a certain way and that's
something that is so for example
that has nothing to do with
there's no in this case we have
absolutely no idea no information but
there's a certain norm that use the word
to describe and based on that norm
there's this concept of
Another concept of that you find is if
something happens repeatedly it
establishes a so for example
three times goes from being to
how many times this pattern would have
to repeat itself in order to be
established holds
holds that it's but that's also a word
that
is referred to as but it's again it's
not it's either there's something called
right
for example is nickname
that's a completely different
but again you find the word when you
learn the third paras
so the word gets thrown all over the
place that's akas
the bottom line is there are a lot of
different types of kazoka as it relates
to our that we're about to learn the
kazoka that we're focusing on is the
khaz that rahun was talking about enough
to ask and that is the concept of
that
is we know for sure this animal was last
time we verified now we have a suffic is
it still or is it not there's a concept
of leave it the way he was and that's
something that works it's something that
works it's that type of that is going to
zero in right now and focus on over the
years we've mentioned several times a
very important march it's in
It's right here in
where talks about different types of a
lot of this tiny introduction that we
just mentioned comes from that
maramokim.
It's uh top 10 maramokim really for
people that learn all the yeshiva sugas
in terms of really in a very very clear
way crystallizing the differences
between the different types of ideas
that we find described as a either way
we already had two introductions to
today's so without further ado
what is the that
Okay, it's interesting. You find very
often and just this idea
or right
that said this very often there's a does
that mean that this is a
or could
be I think this is a
that the word
doesn't necessarily mean that it's their
creation and that it's rabbitic in
nature. It could be the we're just
telling you
but
is not a this is a what is the in the to
the idea of
by the way says even the words of the
just leave it as it was meaning we're
discussing here which type of
it's learned out from the following PK.
And if you didn't know this, this may
come as a shock because really if you
were going to guess, this might be the
last place in the you would go to to
find the to the concept of it says in
the
so the context over here is where the
bias had. So we know a person can be a
mitz, a beet can become a mitz and a
bias can become a mitzvah as well. The
cayenne is of course the authority of
all things saras. You don't go to a
doctor if you had saras. You went to the
cayenne if you had saras. Specifically
in this case the cen entered the house
and he saw that there was a nega and
based on what the terror says he has to
do. He has to close up the house for a
week. He's going to inspect it in a
week. You may have to close it for
another week. And at some point if
doesn't play out well it's going to go
from being a musker to now a the bottom
line is we're discussing where the enter
the house and he sees that there's a
talk to he leaves the house he goes to
the habas
and then he literally rashi says closes
the door keeps it lock and when he's
outside the bay thera continues and says
he declares it as being in a state It's
not a state of it's a state of but the
bottom line is on some level it's going
to be
how do you understand this
maybe by the time the left the house at
that point the she of the was minimized
a little bit we saw what the shar is
last week it's a gris but maybe it's not
the same shear anymore and if that's the
case it's not
in a situation where it should become
tame. So how is it possible that the way
the house becomes
uh mits quote unquote is when the cen
leaves the house closes the door and
then determines it. It could be from the
time that he saw it until he executed on
it the situation changed. Must be
it must be because since the last time
he saw it was a she of a gris. So
there's something called and as a result
we leave it the way it is. Just explain
this a little bit better. If the was
able to establish it as being a while
he's in the house. Okay. So he's looking
it between the eyes. He sees it. He not
shrinking as a result. So he knows
exactly what he needs to do. But being
that the says
[laughter] he has to first leave. Well
if that's the case maybe by that point
it's not this year anymore. must be
there's a concept of
but says
and the names matter
I don't understand the maybe
the way this works is is the walks out
with his back leading the way
so that he's able to see everything
that's going on. Meaning it sounds like
this raya presupposes that this cyan is
going to leave the house the way people
usually leave rooms. He's going to turn
his back to the house and he's going to
walk outside.
But that's what's happening. Maybe he's
going to be like this isn't be able to
see. But if he doesn't see it, he won't
be able to establish it as it being. And
the reason is because
I have two problems with what you just
said. The number one
the says and it has to mean that you're
going in the regular way. We always
speak out from that whenever the says
something the is to do it in the normal
way right that's why if somebody eats
it's not because when it says it means a
regular it means in the regular way
somebody would leave
besides
at the end of the day he's going to have
to close the door right so when he
closes the door he could be going out
this way or that way it doesn't matter
how he's going go sideways but once he
closes the door to the extent that it's
behind the door. How is he going to see
it? Now, if it's not behind the door,
maybe you'll tell me he'll see it
through a window. I don't know. But if
it's behind the door, the door for sure
is closed off, right? So, how's he going
to see it if it's
there's no question in the world that
you see from here that there must be a a
concept of continued tell
in a situation where the nega is behind
the door before the co's going to leave
he's going to make a window inside the
door. Meaning usually the door shouldn't
have a window but in this situation in
order for him to be able to execute it
that's what he's going to do. So like
this he'll see it meaning the only time
you're ever going to be able to
establish a bias as being is in the
event that he sees it I what happens if
it's
in that situation you're going to open a
little bit of window but that's not
possible but tonight it's a
in the event that there's a dark house
and when the walks in he can't see it
right this is before the light bulbs
now open up any windows near says to see
the rashi says it's learned from the kga
nearly
But the bottom line is he's seeing now
to open up windows. So that can't be the
so
number one you're asking. Maybe he's
going out backwards
in that way is not. And besides it
wouldn't even help you in the event that
it's and don't tell me you're going to
open a window because we know it's a
that's not an option. turned to and he
told that
I'm not asking to either one
this that you're saying
is not called it's not true
[snorts] you see from the
it says by him the word it says
it's talking about when he was leaving
that tonight we learned the
way the kali used to walk out
is the
and walk out of you don't turn your back
to the is not turning his back to the
so you see clearly it says in the yet
for sure
say he went which means he went
and regarding the other
and that is that even if he went
what are you going to do if it's and
don't tell me he's going to open up a
window why not because the Mishna says
That's not
although it's true. You're tining that
there such a
true that's if you don't know if there
was ever a if there was not a
such
but to the extent that we know that at
one point there was for sure a nega and
now we're just trying to determine
whether it went away or whether it
spread or it didn't spread.
The bottom line is
Yakov
had a cash on the mur of khaz being from
the parish of Abaya had stayed shu
on the kash of
ra knocked out
which means that he's really
reinvigorating
right so that's what we're holding where
we're holding is
knocked it out so at the end of the day
what do we have what we have is
said what's the concept of it's learned
out from
right that's essentially where we are
stating that
we have not
say
and what's the
say
now from fact that it says
you would think that the person should
go all the way to his own house and then
he can do it. No,
he can't go home, right? When he leaves,
can't go home, have lunch, and then No,
you leave.
That's what this happens.
You would think he should literally be
underneath the mash, right? He should
literally be in the doorway.
It says,
"So, what is it?" Meaning, it's a little
bit tricky just from reading the PK. It
says
which means he leaves the entire house
but then it says he goes off sounds like
he's still somewhat in the house at the
very least he's in the says let me tell
you how this works
he stands right next to the
and then he goes and he does the so you
want to know the real way of how this is
supposed to take place it's supposed to
be as mentioned
that in the event that he went to his
house and then he did the
or if he stood in the bias or some have
the he stood underneath the how do you
know in all these cases
that it works
the says the words after
it says the word again that's how the
that's an extra word to teach me that
doesn't matter where he did it at the
end of the day it's going to be okay but
what do you see from here What's the t
the You see the footage that if he would
go home and he would do it, it would be
okay. Said maybe we don't go and maybe
he has to see it. How's he going to see
it? He's going to go backwards. What if
you'll make a window? I the Mishna that
says you can't do it. That's when you
don't know if there was ever a negative.
But once you know there's a negative,
maybe at that point you let open up a
window. Yeah. What are you going to do
with this Bri? This Bri says he could be
home. And what if he lives on the other
side of the neighborhood? It's going to
be okay.
How's he going to answer this?
maybe maybe with the knows for a fact
that it's okay. There's going to be a
whole assembly line of people that are
going to say it's still good. It's still
good. It's still good. I'm going to call
him on the phone. I'm going to whatever.
We'll figure out a way to make sure he
knows but
if he doesn't know about it's not going
to be okay. Meaning all the is being is
he doesn't have to be literally if he's
in the bay it's fine. If he's underneath
the mashk, but the evidence's fine. If
he's in his own bias, but the evidence's
fine. Ah, you have a cash. If he's in
his own bias, he doesn't know what's
going on. NO, NO, WE'LL MAKE UP A mush
the There's a row of people and they're
telling him exactly what happened. But
at the end of the day, from
we're definitely not going to knock out
by.
It's interesting if you think about what
we just learned which by the way
concludes the Kazak part of today's dav
until the raid that is but if you think
about what we just learned so we had a a
to the idea of kazak it's learned out
from the parish of natim
came and he asked a sakasha abaya tried
defending it ra says I don't agree with
your defense nothing over a bisa that
was not like
but the gummor seem to reject that as
well meaning is still standing which
really would leave us with Adam right
doesn't it sound that way if you learn
the garra just p it sounds like we had a
of a but at the end of the day
seemed to have knocked it out stating
that at the end of the day the
is
it is the para
of it's these words
as much as in the you don't see it
necessarily but this is the way it is.
There's another takeaway that's very
very important that needs to be
mentioned and that is
if you take a look at Rashi
it's four lines from the bottom of
who said what who said what who asked
on
who had a problem with this being the
Rashi says very sharp
Rashi who says that we don't rely on
sounds a little bit from Rashi that
Rashi is saying that the takeaway of the
is
hold of now it only sounds a little bit
that way it's not because you could say
what Rashi means to say is say that
there's no that the way the parish of
works is with but if you take a look on
the side of the gum
says
does not hold of the concept of that's
as a matter of fact if you take a look
at on the top of the
it's the second over there we'll speak
out to later but in it's that according
to
who didn't agree with the source of
that we learn from he's going to have to
hold that to is
but don't walk away from the thinking
the doesn't hold and really at first
glance it sounds like there's a right
here on the page we even go to the here
but right here on the page today's it
sounds [laughter] like there's a
whether or not
is that
you learn from somewhere else or it
could be there's an in the
whose name is his name is
who holds that there's no such thing as
it's
very that way
not that way by the way
if you want to see it a little bit
better but the bottom line is this is
something that we need to get back to
and we will either way we now turn our
attention to the second and uh somewhat
longer part of today's daf and that is
So another one of the
is the concept of and just like the word
means different things in different
suggest so for example there's a concept
of roy
which says that if I have a suffic so
you know I could always assume that the
roy is correct for example if you have a
bezden and some dion see it this way
other dion yet another way. So we have a
right to assume that whatever the
majority believes that's probably the
way it is. Similarly, if I have
something in front of me, I don't know
where it came from. I have a right to
assume that it probably came from the
what's known as called the parish may
rub. So there's an idea of where I have
a suffic in front of me right now. So if
I know the is a certain way that gives
me a to assume that way that idea of by
the way comes in two forms. It could
wear two hats. It could be a
or it could be a rub is where I see the
I'm looking at it. I see the beds in I
see Ruven Shimud. I'm looking at each
one and I see the ones that are saying
zak I see the ones that are saying but
whoever the is I'm looking at them or
the classic case of chas that we'll be
introduced to in one second and that is
I find a piece of meat and it's the
annoying it's in the store that sold
kosher meat and one of them that sells
non-coosher meat where I'm allowed to
assume that this meat came from one of
the not from the one based on the
concept of kapar m rub again that's a
situation where I see all
And as a result that's a ruba is this
type of could also come in the flavor of
a ruba. So for example if there's a
child and we have a suffic is this child
a sus if he's a boy or an islandist or
if she's a girl most people are notisim
or islandistes. Thus there's an idea of
going bus. Now over there you don't see
the rubma that are notim or they're not
islandist but there's an idea that you
go even when I don't have the in front
of me. That's what's known as ruban. But
the two are really one and the same. And
that is there's an idea that I'm allowed
to assume. There is a huge nuance
between where the issuer
falls into
falls into. So there's an idea. The dam
is bottled to the dar.
how many sug
do I have to do all of it or as long as
is there if I have shisha must follow
him so to speak that would be ku I have
the entire thing so again just like kaz
There are many different types of the
now is going to ask
which are we discussing?
We're discussing not
that we're going to get to. We're
discussing not
that's primarily
from all places. What we're discussing
over here is the idea that when there's
a suffic when in doubt we're fake based
on assuming that whatever happened is in
line and consistent with the majority
it's the idea of being
and again without further ado
what is this that
fake [snorts] Seriously,
did I hear right? Did I hear right?
You're not sure what the
it says.
When we learn was a little bit of a
doesn't say anymore, but is a
basin conven.
But the point is it's
the where the is in front of me. I can
steer at the
like the case of that we mentioned a
second ago
it's coming but the sh of the was what
it's
going that's the case that we mentioned
earlier and it's specifically whether a
cotton could do or
what be the reason not because a can't
do and an islandist can't do yum which
means that in the event that aar
being
and if that's the case
that would be a very very har and it's
for that reason
whether it's for a to do or not bottom
line is we know that
we'll see more about this later but the
is that a cotton could do and could be
miss and the reason is because you go
that most are not going to be and most
are not going to grow up to be an
island. Thus you see even though the
fact is fake is when I could see the
and really before the words it should
say simmons.
So what's this sim? Believe it or not
it's a sim for 10. It's 10 letters 10.
And these 10
are going to be the 10 answers to this.
So whereas related to
there was one mar but a kasha no less on
that mar that didn't seem like we really
got out of too smoothly. When it comes
to now the gar is going to bring like
from 10 m which by the way is the reason
that the part of the is longer than the
part of the is but the reason the part
of the is longer is simply we have more
sources. We have 10 mus to this idea of
again
we're not having this conversation
that's a
either way
is the first he's the
you want to know what the is we learn it
out from the head of the carbon says
we know that the carbon was unique we'll
try to do this quickly in that the
carbon had a special mitzvah called
what's had to be chopped up in a certain
way. Now said
one of the is in the mitzvah is you cut
it once but you can't dice it. You can't
make it into very very small pieces. Now
part of the mitzvah of was to sever the
head of the carbon being that
when you sever the head and there's a of
that means you can't cut the head a
second time's
a little bit of a problem with that
one of the tra that are discussed in is
that if there's a hole in the membrane
surrounding the brain that would make
the animal into a traa. Now, [snorts]
you can't go and chop up the head and
cut through the skull to see whether or
not there's a neative in the chrome of
the as it relates to this carbon. And
the reason is because it's a den of
and if that's the case, that poses a big
problem because you know you can't put a
tra how do you know this animal's not a
tra? Let's explain this a little bit
better. when you have an animal. So you
have to be bite
one of the you have to make sure there's
no neck in the chrome of the but when it
comes to the
and is to cut off the head which means
you can't cut the head a second TIME YOU
HAVE NO WAY OF DOING THIS. SO HOW DO you
have a right to put it on the maybe it's
said
what's the animals are not bottom line
is you see over here that is a now those
animals that are not are they all in
front of you are you looking at them of
course not that's the that's not like
the hedge that's not like the so you see
clearly that you go bust says I don't
think there's a
maybe what
Cen would do is after he severed the
head of the he would cut it again and
cut it in a way that he'd be able to
see. What's the problem?
I thought you're not allowed to cut it a
second time. Could be
maybe that's only an issue if you're
going to sever it 100%.
But in the event that it's still going
to be attached a little bit less at that
point it's not going to be an issue. I
mean that at that point it's not going
to be that would be the what's the you
go you learn it out from the of the how
do you know that it's not a tra you
can't cut it that's what you would
usually do oh must be
the
animals are not being tra but was it
could be you can cut it I isn't that a
violation of doing a double that's only
but
it's not going to be initial
that's the me
He said,
"You learn it out from the not break the
bone of a carbon,
but that's the case.
You have the same exact issue. It says,
but you can't just go ahead and break.
You can't crack the skull of the carbon
pes." Now, if that's the case, you have
no way of doing the on the to make sure
there's no nev. So, how do you have a
right to go be mocked in now the carbon
pes? Maybe it's a
again it's the same but it's not from
the head of the it's from the head of
the carbon but the bottom line is you
see that animals are not even though
it's says
maybe you do do an inspection there is
some diagnostic that's done on the
animal to make sure that nothing
happened to the of the I how you going
to do it you're not going to break the
bones how you going to get into the
answer is you're going to put a burning
coal there. You're going to burn the
bone and that's okay. I can't break it
but I can burn it. Yes. The time you
learn to
if somebody is not
of the but or
that's what we need. If somebody goes
ahead and he burns that somebody
there's no problem with the bottom line
is there is in
this is the
I have a third
it's learned out from the tale says of
the
says
the theory says that when it comes to
the sheep right the or the of
So part and parcel of what went on the
misbeh as part of the was the right it
was the the tail that was all included
in it. Now it says that it had to be tim
which means that you couldn't just break
it. What's the problem?
One of the
has to do when he an animal is he has to
go through the and he has to make sure
that there's no issues. Now thera is the
spine. It goes all across the back of
the animal and it goes all the way into
the aly that's how far it goes. Now if
you not let it break the area of the aly
so that area that's the is going to have
a
you're not going to know whether there's
a a tra or not. Let him put it on the
miss. You're being macked there without
doing the full
must be what's the again animals are not
it's at the end of the day you see it's
something that you're allowed to do but
say you'll be tell
maybe what you're going to do is when
you cut the you're going to cut it all
the way on the bottom of the explains
this that we're going to see in perfus
thera is divided into three groups the
lowest group is the most kadic as it
relates to the laws
So as long as you're going to cut it all
the way on the bottom. So over there
you're not going to have to worry about
there being an issue. But the says it's
not an anyways. And the reason is
because it says in the
regarding the
that it has to be
that's the area that it has to be. And
what does that mean?
It means next to the need next to the
kidneys, right? the kidneys and kazal
are yoyat. So it has to be in that area
that's supposed to knock out from the
bottom line is a little higher up. A
little higher up a neck of it already is
going to knock it out. So the bottom
line is that's not going to be in. So
the says
this is my makar is I learned it from
the of the how you let it put on the it
has to be you're not doing any
to make sure that there's nothing wrong
with and don't tell me you cut it all
the way on the bottom where there's no
issue anyways because it has to be
says the
says I don't know if that's an issue
maybe you're going to open up the
and you're going to look at the you're
going to make So there's no problem over
there. Why do you think it's not an
option? Because of maybe that's only
initial
that's only
like we mentioned earlier that to the
extent that it's life to the extent it's
going to be a little bit of attach at
that point it won't be an issue. Either
way this concludes the first of the
three words that we used in our simmons.
By the way, if you take a look at the
right here in he makes a big deal of
that the reason the sim was divided into
three words because even though it's 10
mus but it's three groups of mus but the
first three it's pretty obvious what
they have in common they're allus
the first one was we learn it from the
of the carbon the second one is we learn
it from the of the carbon the third one
was we learn it from the of the and the
and notice by the way we would all At
the end of the day, there's no real riot
from the What was the riot? You're not
going to be able to chop it up a second
time. How do you know that there's no
issue with the of the Maybe you'll open
it a little bit, but it'll still be
attached.
How do you know that there's no issue
with the of the of the carbon? Maybe
you're going to put a burning hot coal.
And we know if somebody that's not an
issue, how do you know there's no
problem with the all the way on the
bottom? Again, maybe even though it says
Tamima, but you'll keep it attached, but
at the same time, you'll open it enough
that you'll be able to look inside. The
bottom line is the three makers were all
caught from and all three of them were
second group
of
we learned it from the one of the says
it says in the
way Rashi learns this is that the animal
after it's has to be the same and just
like the egglo had to be a shin so do
after that b aside for the fact that
it's uh right beheaded right I mean
other than that it's but again
teaches me that it has to be what's the
problem for you that means you're not
doing any to figure out whether or not
it'sn't that a problem
you can tell me who one second I
understand why tra was a when you were
dealing with the head of the head of the
the or the of the but the rufus who
is not to be a trauma says no it has to
be because
it says and we learn from there a lot of
what is is that it has to be like
meaning it's not let the bottom line is
from there you have
is the next
he said
it's learned out from the
passing says
says regarding the parad
and then he went ahead and he burned it.
And we learn from the juxiposition
between the
just had to be done when it was
so had to be done when it was. Now if
that's the case that means if it has to
be you're not doing any diagnostics
how do you know it's not a
must
you're going to tell me again we're
dealing with the parad we're not dealing
with a carbon so if you're not dealing
with a carbon who said it's not let it
be a tra no because we all know we know
calls the paradma the carbon and just
like has to not be a traa so to the
parad wouldn't be a tra either So
the gumar now brought two additional mus
up to five already if you're keeping
score.
The first one was raises beridi. He's
the shin of he learned it from the next
one was
he's the b of what were the mus were
from the aruf and the ad respectively.
You take a look at typhus mas asks you
asks I don't understand he says when the
gumar asked the kasha from or when
brought his from
and when the gar brought a mar from the
of the was because the gar said even
though the of the let it cut but doesn't
mean you can't do an inspection cuz not
cutting MEANS YOU CAN'T SEVER IT you
can't make it two pieces But maybe you
could cut it lie the gar used right that
was the maybe you have a way to look it
and the same is true regarding Dalia and
because that was like fake how come when
the gar brings the from where again it
has to be or when we learn from where it
has to be why the same that what you're
going to do is you're going to cut it
and you'll make sure that there's no
issues with
the and you're just going to inspect it
in that same why was it a decoy for the
And for the of the not of the and it's
not a parad says it's very simple
[snorts] says that when it the says that
you're not allowed to make the head of
the not into what does it say? It says
you're not allowed to cut it.
So as long as it's attached it's not
considered it's not considered cut. as
it relates to the theor says it has to
be as long as it's attached that's
enough for it to be by the what was the
after it's still has to be the ZELA EGL
THAT AT THAT POINT wasn't hanging on on
a thread it was a perfect egg so now
would like to have to be a perfect egg
when the of was mentioned what was it
has to be exactly the way it was at the
at the time of THE HAD TO BE PERFECT.
OTHERWISE, IT'S uh it's about move. It's
no sh. So there we're we're being to the
way it was when it was alive. So you
can't say that you're going to cut it
and carve it up, but you you'll make
sure it's still attached a little bit.
No, no, no, no. That's fine to make it
not. That's fine to make it that it's
still considered. But if you want it to
be
if you wanted to be then you would need
it to be literally the same. So that's
why the wasn't able to be
this in the same way
that is the of and this is the same time
we have second time we have in today's
featured very prominently in the part of
today's now we have him as one of the 10
in as well but either way what did he
say from the says
that the would take the two and we
learned from
that they had to be exactly the same,
right? They had to be perfectly the
same. Now, perfectly the same means the
lashem had to be uh not a tra because
it's going on the misbeha.
But as it relates to the lazel, there's
not going to be an opportunity to do a
bad as we'll see in a second. And if
that's the case, how do you know it's
not a trade for
must be
that there's something called and we go
therefore it's going to be tell
you you're going to tell me who said
that the
star is not let now we just said I told
you why it's because they have to be but
the way the mafar explained the gamar
kasha is that maybe when we say they
have to be shva it doesn't mean in the
traer sense maybe it has to be that Like
the says, but maybe they don't have to
be as it relates to this but the says I
hear mean that would maybe be a
plausible but [snorts]
at the end of the day that the
[laughter]
had to be to be the and to the extent it
was ever that it was a tra that would
mean that it wasn't cautious to be the
alo that's how you know it had to be the
so it's maybe not from the fact
that you could be but
at the end of the day that's not
something you could be you'll tell me
okay what's the greatest problem maybe
maybe you'll go ahead and you'll do
there was no opportunity to do because
by the time it was halfway down the
mountain at that point it was completely
completely whacked from all sides it was
already
you see from here that you go must go
this concludes the second category of
mirus of how you know you go by and
these are all
in the world of raid incredibly
these are three types of carbonus
ish that are not really carbon what are
they they're
the
and the fascinating so we have the
carbon the carbon and the was the first
three and then we have their
counterparts
to a degree and that is we have the rufa
we have the
we have the either way we're up to the
last group called
zomor
that's the manio you want to know what
the is and this by the way needs a drum
roll because this is by far the most
famous of all the you want to know what
the source is that you go
we learn it
we learn it from the fact that it says
in
Maybe his father is not really his
father
must be what's the
right till now all the were there's a
that an animal is not a every single one
this is the first time we have a
different that
must be now all those
you see clearly you go bust
But the last
maybe the only time a person could be
is if when he was conceived his father
and his mother were
so over there there's no suffic that the
father is the father but that wasn't the
case even though maybe you don't go but
even if the father and the mother were
you'd still have to come on to the right
and the reason is because
at the You can never be to make sure
there's no point because it's
and you always have to be maybe it's the
says maybe the gave to somebody else.
The bottom line is
that in of itself would not be an and
it's for that reason says the
told us that you want to know the
go
it's learned out from
he's the of
she learned it out from every say if
somebody killed somebody
maybe the person that he killed was
How do you know that he killed a person?
It's not somebody
you're not. So, how can you ever give a
person?
Now, we're going back to the people are
not
right. A person is you'll tell me the
maybe do a maybe do an autopsy. Now,
this wine of Gumra, by the way,
obviously today is not the for this, but
this next wine of Gumra is from the
grace and shar.
Maybe you'll tell me you'll do a come.
What do you mean? You can't do an
autopsy. Maybe you're going to tell me.
Maybe you'll tell me that. I understand
ordinarily we don't do an autopsy, but
over here if you do an autopsy and you
find out that the person that was killed
was a tra you're GOING TO SAVE A LIFE,
so maybe for that you would do it. And
it sounds a little bit
it sounds a little bit like the Gmorra
hears this, right? which is where this
famous suga of maybe there being times
where it's okay to do an autopsy plays
itself out because the doesn't answer
the kasha theor says even if you did
that
even if you did that
you could always say that even if we
would find out that the person was okay
you did the opsy and as far as we know
there was nothing there but maybe he
really had a hole in a part of his body
that would render him a traa I how come
you don't see cuz it's in the muck of
the neck P this guy went ahead. It was
neck of bringing us back to Das. But the
bottom line is maybe that's what
happened. Eli why we maybe
the ter must be because we go thus we
see there's a concept of raim
and you want to know what the is and
this is the of it's learned from one of
the successful.
So what would be if you had two that
said somebody killed somebody then they
were found to be so what does it say in
the last now they're going to be
maybe the person they were saying about
is
obviously now maybe you're going to do a
right so you're going to chop this guy
up so that's not an option because
said who's so either iron bites or just
iron rashi is also good but either
We know that the only time you say is if
it was
if the person was killed already where
you can technically theoretically maybe
do an autopsy it sounds like again the
entertaining the possibility of the
autopsy. But the bottom line is is that
then there would be no kash. So when
you're doing kash and obviously the
person's alive and if the person's alive
then obviously you can it's interesting
in today's day and age there is a
mahalak of doing different diagnostics
where uh you know through cat scans and
MRIs and x-rays there are ways
potentially to know whether a person's a
tra which is interesting how it would
impact all this but the bottom line is
is the gamar says there's no way to do a
pique on a live person and if that's the
case obviously that's not going to be an
it and then finally away up to the 10th
shot. Right? Who said the second to last
shot? The ninth shot. Ravino was the one
that said it would have been if it was
but it's Ravino, right? So Ravina said
the ninth shot. Who says the 10th shot?
It's who always gets the last word in
said
you learn it from
the said
maybe it happened. How do you know the
was a good
maybe happened in the maybe there was a
ne in the VE
YOU WENT AHEAD and you did a in that
place
you go right we're going to hit the
pause we're not finished but we're going
to hit the pause button for one second
and this concludes [snorts] the last
four of the which were
who said about someone that was nephesh
and then who said you learn that
So the bottom line is [snorts]
what is the go?
Oh that's easy. That's a
it's not the question. The question is
what's the you go by when it comes to
the less the answer is
either it's learned out from the
of the head of the carbon it's learned
out from the
head of the carbon it's learned out from
the
it's learned out from
it's learned out from the fact
it's learned out from someone That's why
maybe the person was a tra from the fact
that
for being made on somebody
that a person was afat
why you're not concerned that maybe the
animal was a tra but there's one
postcript
which is critical m because if you
stopped right here we'd walk away from
this just on the daf
So we push need to read the next words
of the because this is a very very
important end of the story and that is
not surprisingly
I said over this by the way was
so said
some say that
said he said to me now is the gear
according into the second right if
Raashi is relating what told he's saying
he's saying but if Raashi is relating
what I told and now what told me it's
not for it would be if you take a look
on the side of the
change but either way
how do you have a right to learn from
not just even the Raashi is one that's
talking but if you look in the
all 10 of the how do you have a right to
learn from any of these the idea of the
in all of these situations
if you're not going to go bas you're
going to be stuck right if you're not
going to go bas so you won't be able to
be mba
and you won't be able to be m the carbon
pes and you won't be able to do the
properly with the and you're going to
have an issue with right Just go through
each one. You're going to have a problem
with the you'll never have a star the
that's not something that's going to
apply. You'll never be able to give
somebody mis in the event that it was
you have when it comes to that were made
and you'll be vegan for the rest of your
life. RIGHT? SO ALL OF THESE SITUATIONS
with situations where there is no way
out
maybe
where it's where you don't have to come
to arrive maybe where there's a where
there's another way to go about this
maybe in such a situation you don't go
bus and he followed up with a very sharp
punch line the if you're going to tell
me not that way we're waiting for this
we know is by the way what does mean
and hold of it's
after learning the we understand a
little bit better the lesson come on
over there is
are you going to tell me in Rome's world
you're not let
you'll say maybe maybe yeah maybe all
were vegetarians and vegans but can't be
there's a mitzvah from these
are mitzvah they rise And there's no way
can knock out those says what do you
have to say.
So Raashi said
I told him over this whole and he said
that there's no way there's from here
because I could always tell you
where in these cases you know he's
asking where's
okay so you have no
okay so what's the then it's amazing you
see how the roy ended the same way as it
ended with a cliffhanger it ended with a
kasha so then what is the mar so how
then do you know that you go bus. We
went through 10 mus.
I think if you ask the man on the
street, how do you know you go bus?
He'll probably tell you, right? By the
way, it's only one of but it doesn't
even sound like that's the if you take a
look at Rashi says
it's the first narrow line on the top of
alternatively it says in the
at the end of the day. You want to know
what the is
the is either it's
or it's learned out from
the lesson and this that everyone always
quotes
is
number one it's only
right this nine other in terms of what
is and even all 10 of the at the end of
the day because all you see from there
is
okay. where it's ever it's but you would
have no place where a mayor
battled out the
of whether we go and we don't go
on hotish with
at the end of the day and what really is
the either it's learned out from
or it's learned out or it's learned out
from
between and the to come on after further
review is really overruled either way.
So as it relates to raid and again this
is obviously a daf that you know we've
come back to over the years so many
times but I think it's to speak out one
and this is something that we've spoken
about in the past
and that is so the was made up of two
parts right first part of the daf albeit
the short shorter part of the daf was
Okay, the second part of the D, the
longer part of D was
what emerged from the end of the second
part of D, which is something that we
already know is that not everybody even
holds that you go bus the lesser
is there's a
here whereas discusses whether
Is it
or is only
maybe we'll talk about that tomorrow but
for now everyone knows that is that is
the prim in his safer
on
right here on our days he makes the
following observation he says we know
kazal say
so anytime there's a face off between
the first part of today's daf and the
second part of today's daf you have uh
this mano between the idea of
and the idea that we're the rule is
always better than kazak
if that's the case it should come out
that raor who doesn't go bor
At the very least
he shouldn't go and
that there should be a mayor in that
doesn't go
and he says
that's what come because
doesn't go so if he doesn't go you
shouldn't go either over the years we've
mentioned this from the Yeshua in
in the first
and the when he asks he doesn't just say
that
doesn't go he says it's
where goes
so you see does go and he's not
to say that we shouldn't go for disgrace
that how could it be that
doesn't go yet he goes bazak If
so he doesn't hold up the better one
which is right that he holds up the
lesser one which is
says over the years we found that this
is already mentioned in the
end
this that why is it that you don't find
anywhere that there's a
mayor holds you don't go but the bottom
line is the bottom line is the is that
if
andor doesn't go bus
that you come out there may or shouldn't
go either. And I was thinking just well
we learned we mentioned that from it's
and from it's a little bit mash that
there's a
who holds that you don't go and we left
it off with a gay first of all how could
it be a mand that doesn't hold and fr
how could it be that doesn't hold that
you go bazok how many
how many are predicated on the concept
of kazok if there's a raor who holds
that you don't go bazok
from the prim
if there would be such a well then
would have a
and if that's the case HE COULD ALWAYS
SAY I hold like by the way this is a
hel
it's not under
but the bottom line [laughter] is if
you're going to tell me that from the
fact that there's a in the WORLD IT'S
THAT ALSO DOESN'T GO. SO WE FOUND we
have a that doesn't hold that you go
maybe that's a to understand
the fact that there would be that would
hold you don't go but either way I'm not
happy with this and if that's the case
it's
how's it possible that mayor doesn't go
yet he does go buster so maybe you could
It's the second on the ask the said
and the br and then the said
once we establish that you gobba
certainly you should goba
Once I have a
why do I need
why don't we say that once I know
so should work meaning
is meaning I know for sure is better
than okay so perfect
once you know works you should know
works as well I think it's says
that's the we mentioned in the that
question is
that didn't have a [laughter]
for
what was his where the speaks out it's
and we know
so even though it's true if I know I
know but there's a lot of limitations to
one of them is you can learn
from something that's
for that reason it's not going to it's
not going to be okay but according to
the according to the
is from and I know it from a
the concept of and the reason is I know
it from which by the way let's revisit
what is the
that's only one of
came out that what [snorts] is it
really? It's not even the one or any of
the either it's
or it's learned out from we have a over
here tucked away on the top of it could
be it's learned from [laughter] because
once I know
which means is not only the
is also the another that I think is good
to mention and that is we mentioned in
the introduction to the [laughter] that
a little bit why is it that we're even
talking about
this is a
says
first term because the whole question of
it was only it was only from so once we
mention who was very much a part of the
tal oh I didn't know the savak
You tell me who doesn't hold that
there's any in the whole world
that hasn't
he must have a new could be the
mention of
that's his first ter second terrorist he
brings from
who said that the idea that is actually
not learned out it's actually not
learned out What then is the mar to it's
learned that from the because the
although there's a that the animal's not
a tra as we saw in the but says that is
really going and you see that you go a
that's
but the bottom line is without going too
much into that of what is saying in the
second is is that is not a if it was
once I know I know
if I goof from At this point the gar the
gar doesn't know that after you learn if
it could be at that point the gar
wouldn't ask but the bottom line is in
real time the gar doesn't know yet the
doesn't know
these are two
in
this is in
also in
it's
says a parits to but I think it requires
a tiny bit of an introduction and that
is
discusses the following case
there was a woman that went together
with her husband she comes back from
without her husband and she says my
husband died
she's allowed to get married even is
allowed to get her Why I thought of the
kilo that is believed to say even a
woman is believed to say and a woman's
even believed to say about herself. If a
woman would go with her husband and come
back without her husband, she'd be
believed to say that she's allowed to
get married.
This is right. So in the event that
there was a her husband had a another
wife so the would be a has always
believed when it comes to the reason is
because the back in the day didn't get
along very well in fact that's the
primary reason made his forbidding and
answering polygamy but being that we're
concerned that this woman doesn't like
the Torah and maybe she wants to get
back at us and maybe she's going and
lying because she wants the Torah to get
married have another family and they're
going to all
As a result, she's believed for herself,
but she's not believed for the
in the event that was a
but the husband was a meaning she's
someone that based on
how she was born is not allowed to eat.
She's a basis, but because she's married
to she's allowed to eat,
she's allowed to continue to eat.
meaning Dr. Mishna
we don't trust this woman
that we assume that if she wants to
continue eating truma that her husband's
alive then himself is going to be okay.
So the Mishna says that a woman that
comes back from dinner and says my
husband died [snorts] the way we treat
it from perspective is very
as it relates to herself
is
as it relates to the
she's even
says
when the Mishna said that the isuma in
the event that she was about
Is it true?
Is it true? In other words, the said,
"I'm having a big problem with this
Mishna." How do you go ahead and mish
treat one woman as if she's
the other one?
I I can't fathom it. My I think what's
going on over here is is that
she has an ammonos. There's an idea that
maybe she's trying to be.
So it's for that reason we're going to
be well when the Mishna says that she's
allowed to eat truma it's only that
she'd be allowed to eat because we're
treating her as if she's married. But if
she wants to eat there's no way in THE
WORLD YOU CAN'T SAY THAT this woman's
allowed TO GET MARRIED AND THIS WOMAN IS
100% not allowed to get married.
You have to make up your mind. You can't
have a disaster. You could say
and you could even carve out the and say
only being for one and not for the
other. But as it relates to saying that
she has an ammon for herself but she
doesn't have an ammon for the mafular
but then he says I'm not sure maybe.
Yeah. So at first glance I think I have
a and is from the famous case
of
what's the case? There were two roads.
One of the roads had to there was so
much to that road that if a person
walked down that road it was inevitable
not possible that it became to either
way two people walked down the two roads
and then they were both Isaac and Tyrus
anymore is that in the event that the
two people went to a and asked the shil
but they didn't ask it at the same
second they didn't ask it at the same
time the is the is that each person is
going to be considered to be tired why
because each person was tired you have a
suffic now whether something happened so
YOU HAVE A
EACH PERSON IS GOING TO BE OKAY.
Don't you see from here? Even though
it's impossible that they're both t one
of them is special but as long as he
didn't ask the cash in the same second
they didn't come to the rub of so this
person is going to walk out tar that
person's going to walk out now
over here and WAS SPLITTING THE BABY IN
F and was saying that yeah you're going
to be tired and you're going to be tired
you see I don't care and if that's the
case
as it relates to this Mishna it COULD BE
YEAH THIS WOMAN'S allowed to get married
midday rice and this woman is ALLOWED TO
EAT TRUMA
THAT SHE'S STILL MARRIED.
But then says, but I'm not sure. You
know why? Because it's
that when it comes to
in the event you would have two people
that have the same
where it's inevitable,
it's inevitable that one of these two
people are it's that both of these
people are over there. You wouldn't say
they're both Tommy. So it's fake. But
what if Ruben and Chim both have a
suffix
and we know for sure one of them is you
can't say they're both because you know
for sure them one says I'm very confused
over here. I'm not sure what to do. I'm
thinking that when it comes to you can't
just go ahead and be and therefore
that when we say
if she was
maybe it's only true with but then again
I have
on the one from I see that if they don't
ask the question at the same time
they're both going to be assumed to be
but again from I see that even if they
ask the question at different times
being that one of them is you're not
going to say it's so which one is it
That was the resop that's why he wasn't
sure what to do over here
and Z says let me explain to you what's
going on in this and let me tell you
what the is
that that's
if wants to go ahead now and issue a
they WANT TO SAY I'M TELLING YOU THIS IS
the way it is they can't issue a mid
where it's going to be a tart disaster
for two people and THAT'S WHY THE RE
SAID I here that this woman stands in
front of a court and bezen is going to
say you're a puya you can go ahead and
get married you're married 100% you
could even eat because how could be best
issue
that's going to affect two people in two
contradictory ways I can't hear such and
it's for that reason said
what are you saying
it's not True is not a because what
happens by [gasps] what happens by is is
that you have a suffic I'm not sure did
the person come to me did the person not
come to me what do we say
here's the punch line
it's
what's
I have no idea WHAT HAPPENED SO IF I
DON'T KNOW WHAT HAPPENED YOU LEAVE it
the way it is
needs a car that you go bust to the
status quo and being that I don't know
what happened. I have no idea how it
spilled how this whole story played
itself out. So just leave it the way it
is. But when Bezdon passins your tar
because I have a suffic if you ever
became tar your tar because I have a saf
in those situations NOT PASING JUST
SAYING I DON'T KNOW SO LEAVE IT THE WAY
IT IS. THE FACT THAT BEZON would have a
tit in terms of how it's going to play
itself out, that doesn't bother me cuz
it's not
that's not in fact if you wanted
I'm going to tell you what the is
[laughter] that it's
when it comes to
you can have a toy WHEN YOU HAVE THE
SAME CASE like but if it's you're not
going to say what's the it's because
that we Treat the person as if he's
Tommy.
And by the way,
so you see that's
what's going on in this
on the one hand I have on the other hand
I have the two cases.
But the way the Schmita learns it up in
that what was saying was that is not
is the case OF
because you don't find that ising a case
of disastery and the reason is because
all it is just leave it the way it is as
opposed to
you're allowed to get married or
which that's a that's a ding that we're
invoking and that we're using over
there. You wouldn't be able to do it
when it's
and really
is that is fundamentally different
fundamentally different than a regular
when Bezdon says
and when they say let's leave this at it
the gather of what Bezdon is doing is
not that they're saying we're pasing
this the way it is and even though it's
means But the gather of the and the
gather of the is not is not that we have
a
but rather there's a that when we don't
know what to do what we do is we live it
right you know in the real world if you
don't know what to do you have to do
something right the theoretical world
but bez has to do something you know bez
paid THE BIG BUCKS TO THEY GOT TO DO
SOMETHING but they HAVE NO MAHALIK
THERE'S
THAT WHEN WE DON'T KNOW WHAT TO DO, JUST
LEAVE IT AT THE status quo. But
is not based on any it's not
it's not a bearer of any sorts because
how in the world is a just think about
it for a second. Things change all day
every day, right? So just because
something was some away yesterday that
means that's the way IT IS NOW.
NONE OF us it's not being it's just a
hug. I don't know what to do. YOU HAVE A
BETTER IDEA. YOU HAVE A BETTER IDEA.
TELL ME. I'm I'm WILLING TO LISTEN. BUT
THE end of the day is if we don't have a
better So then what we go ahead and what
we do is we
either way
that says
>> [snorts]
>> the
true is better than [laughter] you know
why is better than Kazak the reason is
better than Kazak is because the holy of
is that WHEN I DON'T KNOW WHAT TO do
but to the extent I have a I know what
to do and being THAT I KNOW WHAT TO do
so
that's what I'm going to go ahead head
and that's what I am going to do. The
reason is is because only works but
there's no bearer when there's a bearer
there you go
at the end of the day from
what you see is that is a mav is not
there's no way to learn from that would
be mav [laughter] from kazaka you could
learn if there's something called a
kazak there would be something called a
but at the end of the day when I have
the re that I have works better than the
kazaka because roy is mavar
is not and I can't learn being AVAR
that's why even though we know we still
need you know why we need we need we
need to know that has the ability to be
mav we need to know that has ability to
and by the way the reason
is
from the fact that I know that has
ability to be once I know
because the
is is that
is when I don't know what to do. I know
there's a beer called so now I do know
what to do. But here's the bottom line.
The bottom line is
not the beer of is better than the beer
of if that's what it meant. If I know
the I would know the bear of that was
based on this that really that
is that I only work with
I have no beer and that's why when I
have a and I have a bearer there's no
for but at the end of the day
and are fundamentally different one is a
mav and the other one is not a mav It's
for that reason even though I would know
I would have no way of knowing because
how could I learn that something is
from something that in itself is not
either way I think it's posit that I'll
pe this and I'll pe this red it's the
from the
and from the in the beginning of and
it's really from And that is
that means doesn't go bus doesn't go bus
either because
she says that doesn't go the ter is the
ter is two different things no
says I don't go what is saying is I
don't think has the ability to be to me
there's a philosophic
but the bottom line is at the end of the
day I still SEE A SUFFIC BUT DOES THAT
MEAN THAT in Raa's world there's no
kazaka well if there's no kazak WHAT ARE
YOU GOING TO DO when you're not sure
WHAT TO DO WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO DO RA
ALSO HAS TO HAVE A fallback option what
mayor's court when they didn't know what
to do they said I don't know go kill
yourselves call I don't think that's
what they did but and that you GO BOS IF
I'm both and one is a better and you
find doesn't hold the m you can't hold
of the last
two completely different tracks. It's
true doesn't hold a deer of still has to
have a parish of that's the of why even
though he's but at the same time also
holds a
think it's posit
which is based on
we just mentioned the but there's other
for this as well that you see this idea
that
are completely different so again what's
the what's the takeaway today's dwas
really a tale of two
zilbased
day even though come together how much
they come together even says
because how could you learn one without
the other the two
they're literally literally literally
one and the same but at the end of the
day as much as they're one and the same.
They're fundamentally different
because
and says that when in doubt, this is the
way you should go about it. BUT THERE'S
ZERO bear taking place when you have a
is they're both tools that were used by
to go about and to tell what you're
supposed to do,
but at the end of the day, they're not
one and the same.
that doesn't go bus
yet DOES GO A DESPITE THE FACT THAT IN
THE WORLD of wins all day every day now
the truth is does really win all day
every day no there's one that is not
better than that's but right
but either way again this was just a a
short the shortest version possible with
a little bit of ra of olive as it
relates to the rest of the raid. Again,
every single line here is a
by the way just to appreciate a little
bit better. We had 10 m, right? 10 m. If
you look at and they have cashes how
come we have mentioned this, how can we
mention that? So let me buy all the
sugas that we spoke about just from
going through the gamar. If you went
through the gamar with tfis, you'd throw
in another 25 gma and all the red and
all the different permutations of of
when you go and the Russian of this
touches on
all the
but for now we are going to stop Yeah.